how to score good marks in Islamiat

[mohammad ahmed]

aoa sir u have provided with great answers.but iam having some problem with the following qs??
1.quranic teaching of allah in himself
2.hadith in indvidual lives
3.hadith in communal life
4.isnad and matn to decide authenticity of hadith
5.Write about how thefourRightlyGuided Caliphs are rolemodelsforleaders today
6.main events of hazrat uthman and ali as caliph?

 

[Irfan Atique]

aoa sir u have provided with great answers.but iam having some problem with the following qs??
1.quranic teaching of allah in himself
2.hadith in indvidual lives
3.hadith in communal life
4.isnad and matn to decide authenticity of hadith
5.Write about how thefourRightlyGuided Caliphs are rolemodelsforleaders today
6.main events of hazrat uthman and ali as caliph?

W/S
Q1: Question: Discuss the most important feature of the Quran teaching you have studied about oneness of Allah [Tauheed]? [10]
Answer: The Quranic passages which we have studied about Allah in Himself taught a Muslim to believe in One God, Supreme and Eternal, Infinite and Mighty, Merciful and Compassionate, Creator and Provider. As, Allah says in surah Al-Baqarah: “Allah! There is no god but him, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal……” (2:255).
Faith in the existence of God is a natural disposition in man. Everything existent in the definite order or arrangement has a maker to it. If man ponders over the universe, surveying all that it contains, he certainly will come to realize that it did not come into existence as a matter of chance; Islam demands that all human beings to belief in that creator as One Allah. The most concise expression of the nature of Allah has been delivered by Surah Ikhlas which says:
“He is Allah, the one and only. Allah, the Eternal, Absolute. He begets not, nor is He begotten. And there is none like unto Him.”(112:1-4). in Surah Ikhlas Allah has described the four basic merits of lordship; one, never ending, single and incomparable. The existence of Allah is confirmed when we ponder over the universe that such an organized and well-coordinated world , would not come to existence on its own as the Quran says “Is there a doubt about Allah the creator of heavens and the earth ?” (14:10).
He is God of all mankind, not of a special tribe or race. Allah has no weaknesses like human beings and He guard the whole universe without any helper. His knowledge is perfect and no one can interfere in His domain as the Quran says “......... Nor slumber can seize Him, nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and the earth.........” (2:255)
It’s only Allah who makes harmonious and systemic arrangements of the universe on account of His Will.
As the Quran says: “To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth………..” (2:117)
Further the Holy Quran says “There is no other guardian of the creation in the heavens and the earth, and He does not associate anyone with Himself in His authority."(18:26)
Allah's nature is so subtle and fine, far beyond from our conceptions so as to be invisible to the physical eye and imperceptible in the present senses. His presence can only be felt through manifestation of His attributes as the Quran says “No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all visions .....”(6:103).
Q2: Q: Outline the main teachings of the Hadiths you have studied about the responsibilities of individual Muslims. [10]
Answer: The Prophet (SAW) gave us teachings about a number of responsibilities that we should follow. In the first place, he tells us that we should be sincere to Allah, to his Book and to his Messenger. This means that we must put Allah before everything else that we do, and also we must recite the holy Qur’an regularly and study it, and we must follow the example of the Prophet (SAW). If we do this we will fulfill the main requirements of Islam because if we follow the Prophet (SAW) we will perform all the requirements of Islam. It is very important for us to believe that Allah is one. The Prophet (SAW) has also taught us that we should fulfill our responsibilities to our fellow creatures. He has said: “I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this. And he pointed with his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger.” (Sahi Bukhari) This means that we must take care of orphans. But it also teaches us that we should look after anyone who is alone with no one to look after them. It includes all the people who cannot look after themselves. The Prophet (SAW) has also said that we must take care of our brothers, in his words: “none of you believes until he desires for his brother what he desires for himself.” (Sahi Bukahri) What he means here is fellow Muslims, We must behave towards them as we behave towards ourselves, because it is only by acting the best towards them that we show we are good Muslims. The Prophet (SAW) has also told us that we have responsibility in this world. He said: “the world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s paradise.” (Sahi Bukhari) He meant that a true believer remembers the world of hereafter and so will not indulge in this world too much.

 

[Irfan Atique]

W/S
Q1: Question: Discuss the most important feature of the Quran teaching you have studied about oneness of Allah [Tauheed]? [10]
Answer: The Quranic passages which we have studied about Allah in Himself taught a Muslim to believe in One God, Supreme and Eternal, Infinite and Mighty, Merciful and Compassionate, Creator and Provider. As, Allah says in surah Al-Baqarah: “Allah! There is no god but him, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal……” (2:255).
Faith in the existence of God is a natural disposition in man. Everything existent in the definite order or arrangement has a maker to it. If man ponders over the universe, surveying all that it contains, he certainly will come to realize that it did not come into existence as a matter of chance; Islam demands that all human beings to belief in that creator as One Allah. The most concise expression of the nature of Allah has been delivered by Surah Ikhlas which says:
“He is Allah, the one and only. Allah, the Eternal, Absolute. He begets not, nor is He begotten. And there is none like unto Him.”(112:1-4). in Surah Ikhlas Allah has described the four basic merits of lordship; one, never ending, single and incomparable. The existence of Allah is confirmed when we ponder over the universe that such an organized and well-coordinated world , would not come to existence on its own as the Quran says “Is there a doubt about Allah the creator of heavens and the earth ?” (14:10).
He is God of all mankind, not of a special tribe or race. Allah has no weaknesses like human beings and He guard the whole universe without any helper. His knowledge is perfect and no one can interfere in His domain as the Quran says “......... Nor slumber can seize Him, nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and the earth.........” (2:255)
It’s only Allah who makes harmonious and systemic arrangements of the universe on account of His Will.
As the Quran says: “To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth………..” (2:117)
Further the Holy Quran says “There is no other guardian of the creation in the heavens and the earth, and He does not associate anyone with Himself in His authority."(18:26)
Allah's nature is so subtle and fine, far beyond from our conceptions so as to be invisible to the physical eye and imperceptible in the present senses. His presence can only be felt through manifestation of His attributes as the Quran says “No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all visions .....”(6:103).
Q2: Q: Outline the main teachings of the Hadiths you have studied about the responsibilities of individual Muslims. [10]
Answer: The Prophet (SAW) gave us teachings about a number of responsibilities that we should follow. In the first place, he tells us that we should be sincere to Allah, to his Book and to his Messenger. This means that we must put Allah before everything else that we do, and also we must recite the holy Qur’an regularly and study it, and we must follow the example of the Prophet (SAW). If we do this we will fulfill the main requirements of Islam because if we follow the Prophet (SAW) we will perform all the requirements of Islam. It is very important for us to believe that Allah is one. The Prophet (SAW) has also taught us that we should fulfill our responsibilities to our fellow creatures. He has said: “I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this. And he pointed with his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger.” (Sahi Bukhari) This means that we must take care of orphans. But it also teaches us that we should look after anyone who is alone with no one to look after them. It includes all the people who cannot look after themselves. The Prophet (SAW) has also said that we must take care of our brothers, in his words: “none of you believes until he desires for his brother what he desires for himself.” (Sahi Bukahri) What he means here is fellow Muslims, We must behave towards them as we behave towards ourselves, because it is only by acting the best towards them that we show we are good Muslims. The Prophet (SAW) has also told us that we have responsibility in this world. He said: “the world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s paradise.” (Sahi Bukhari) He meant that a true believer remembers the world of hereafter and so will not indulge in this world too much.

Q3: Q: Outline the main teachings of the Hadith you have studied about the importance of Muslim communal life. [10]
The Ahadith of the Holy Prophet guide Muslims for individual as well as communal conduct and matters of the Muslims. A Muslim’s life is devoted to the pleasure of Allah and His Messenger. But this favor can be earned only when one’s life is pious on an individual level and cares for the uplift and betterment of the society as well. Some of the golden rules we have studied, which deal with the conduct of Muslims in a community are, for example, the fact that all Muslims are brothers to each other in a society ‘’None of you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself’’. Deceiving, hating and harming others go against the very nature and spirit of Islam. Brotherly feelings should be based on seeking divine pleasure. Moreover, all human beings are equal in the eyes of Allah because all are the descendants of the Prophet Adam.
Importance of being kind and polite towards fellow human beings has been highlighted in this collection of Ahadith as well. The Prophet taught us to speak well and speak the truth. Our words should not hurt the feelings of others ‘’ Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak well or keep silent’’. (Al-Muslim) Helping out others, Muslims or non-Muslims, has been stressed in this collection of traditions. This help can be through charity or donation. Giving a good piece of advice, teaching and talking to others with a smile on the face, all these are works of charity ‘’ to speak a pleasant word is charity and removing a harmful thing from the road is charity.” (Al-Bukhari) Islam encourages us to observe human rights: the rights of parents, children, spouse, poor etc. An ideal Muslim believes and devotes his life to the welfare of others. The Prophet in this regard said: ‘’ One who manages the affairs of the widows and the poor is like the one who exerts himself in the way of Allah’’. (Al-Bukhari)
Finally the Holy Prophet commanded the Muslims to work for the good of humans to turn society into a beautiful paradise on earth. A believer must engage in Jihad to eradicate evil from the society; true believers should do Jihad in one of three forms: with hands, with tongue or in the heart. ‘’ Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is not able to do so, then with his tongue, and if he is not able to do so, then with his heart, and that is the weakest of faith.” (Al-Bukhari)
Thus it can be seen that the Ahadith of the Prophet provides guidance regarding the communal conduct of Muslims.

 

[Irfan Atique]

Q3: Q: Outline the main teachings of the Hadith you have studied about the importance of Muslim communal life. [10]
The Ahadith of the Holy Prophet guide Muslims for individual as well as communal conduct and matters of the Muslims. A Muslim’s life is devoted to the pleasure of Allah and His Messenger. But this favor can be earned only when one’s life is pious on an individual level and cares for the uplift and betterment of the society as well. Some of the golden rules we have studied, which deal with the conduct of Muslims in a community are, for example, the fact that all Muslims are brothers to each other in a society ‘’None of you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself’’. Deceiving, hating and harming others go against the very nature and spirit of Islam. Brotherly feelings should be based on seeking divine pleasure. Moreover, all human beings are equal in the eyes of Allah because all are the descendants of the Prophet Adam.
Importance of being kind and polite towards fellow human beings has been highlighted in this collection of Ahadith as well. The Prophet taught us to speak well and speak the truth. Our words should not hurt the feelings of others ‘’ Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak well or keep silent’’. (Al-Muslim) Helping out others, Muslims or non-Muslims, has been stressed in this collection of traditions. This help can be through charity or donation. Giving a good piece of advice, teaching and talking to others with a smile on the face, all these are works of charity ‘’ to speak a pleasant word is charity and removing a harmful thing from the road is charity.” (Al-Bukhari) Islam encourages us to observe human rights: the rights of parents, children, spouse, poor etc. An ideal Muslim believes and devotes his life to the welfare of others. The Prophet in this regard said: ‘’ One who manages the affairs of the widows and the poor is like the one who exerts himself in the way of Allah’’. (Al-Bukhari)
Finally the Holy Prophet commanded the Muslims to work for the good of humans to turn society into a beautiful paradise on earth. A believer must engage in Jihad to eradicate evil from the society; true believers should do Jihad in one of three forms: with hands, with tongue or in the heart. ‘’ Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is not able to do so, then with his tongue, and if he is not able to do so, then with his heart, and that is the weakest of faith.” (Al-Bukhari)
Thus it can be seen that the Ahadith of the Prophet provides guidance regarding the communal conduct of Muslims.

Q4: Q: Explaing the method adopted by the compilers of Hadith in establishing the authenticity of the Ahadith? [10]
Answer: In the second century of Hijrah the Muhaddithun paid complete attention to compile the Hadiths. This was so because some hypocrites and non-Muslims wanted to fabricate the Hadiths. Imam Bukhari and other scholars took this seriously and introduced some principles to ensure the authenticity of the Hadith. A Hadith is divided into 2 parts the first part is the Sand and the second is the Man. For e.g. A hadith narrated by Imam Bukhari is as follows “It is reported to us by Ubaidullah saying he heard Hanzalah who came to know from Ikramah saying he heard Ibn-e-Umar who narrates form the Prophet SAW “Islam has been based upon five pillars bearing the wines that Allah is One and Muhammad is His messenger, establishing the regular prayer, paying de regular charity, fasting in the month of Ramadan and the annual pilgrimage.” The first part which mentions the chain of transmitters is the Sanad and the second part which the body or text is the matn.
The Muhaddithun assessed both parts of the Hadith in a highly meticulous way. For the Sanad, the chain of narrators were carefully studied and observed. Through the art of Asma-Ur-Rijal (Names of Men) their biographies were collected and investigated in detail. Each transmitter had to be in possession of firm faith, sound mind, an excellent memory and an upright character. So much so, if the transmitter had ever cheated anyone or even lied to anyone in the matter of joke the Hadith was rejected. The compilers also ensured that the transmitter was present from the time he collected or heard the Hadith till the time he transmitted it. In addition the first transmitter had to be the companion of the Holy Prophet (SAW), for this the Muhaddithun compared the the place and birth of the transmitter, the places and the people he met. Lastly, the chain of transmitters had to be totally and perfectly uninterrupted.
Similarly, the matn was checked thoroughly. They ensured it was in accordance with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah and was not conflicting with any of those two. For e.g. The Hadith will not be accepted if it says to offer 6 daily prayers. Moreover, it should also not contradict with human reason and logic. Example fasting the whole month is outside human capability. Matn also shouldn’t praise or condemn any person or tribe from the future or history by calling its name. Finally, matn should not contain details in a precise way about any future event. The six tradition books are the most authentic and reliable books of all the books on the traditions. They are called Sihah sitta. The books among Sihah sitta are Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Daud, Jam’e Tirmidhi, Sunan Nasai and Sunan Ibn-e-Majah.

 

[Irfan Atique]

aoa sir u have provided with great answers.but iam having some problem with the following qs??
1.quranic teaching of allah in himself
2.hadith in indvidual lives
3.hadith in communal life
4.isnad and matn to decide authenticity of hadith
5.Write about how thefourRightlyGuided Caliphs are rolemodelsforleaders today
6.main events of hazrat uthman and ali as caliph?

The Caliphate of Hazrat Ali (R.A)
Question: Write about how Ali was Elected?
There was no Caliph of Islam for three days after Hazrat Usman's murder. Medina was completely in the grip of the rioters. Most of the Companions had left Medina during the dark days of the holocaust (a war in which very many ordinary people were killed). The few who remained felt absolutely helpless. After three days, when the rebels decided to return to their homes, they felt it was necessary that the new Caliph should be chosen before they left Medina. In this connection there were differences among the rebels. One group favored the election of Ali (Egypt); another favored the election of Talha (Kufa) while the third wanted Zubair (Basra).The Egyptians and some prominent companions requested Hazrat Ali to accept the office of the Caliph but he refused. The rebels then offered the Khilafat to Talha and Zubair but they too refused. They next requested the Ansar to choose a Caliph from amongst themselves, but they declined and said in that in the presence of Ali, no one else deserved to be the Caliph. There was a complete deadlock in the matter of election. They then gave the ultimatum that unless the Caliph was chosen within the next 24 hours, they would be forced to take some drastic action (mass murder).
Hazrat Ali had talks with those of the Companions who were still in Medina. They favored him to forward and serve the people. So Hazrat Ali agreed to take responsibility of guiding the affairs of the Muslims. He consented to become the fourth Caliph of Islam. All came to the Prophet's Mosque to receive the pledge of loyalty. Malik Ushtar was the first to take the pledge. He was followed by other people. Talha and Zubair, the two noted Companions, were in Medina at the time. They were among the six electors nominated by Umar. Hazrat Ali wanted to have their confidence. Both of them took the pledge.
Members of the Umayyad family all fled to Syria. They took away with them the blood-stained shirt of the late Caliph and the chopped fingers of his wife, Naila. Hazrat Ali knew well that difficult times lay ahead. The forces of lawlessness had been unleashed. It would require tireless work, great patience and much tact to restore law and order. Ali hoped to accomplish the task with the co-operation of his people.
Question: Write down the difficulties/Activities of Hazrat Ali (R.A) after he elected as the fourth Caliph? [10]
Ali (R.A) assumed the power at perhaps the most difficult times in the history of Islam. The capital Madinah Munawarah, as well as the provinces under Muslim rule was in grip of terror, chaos and anarchy everywhere. All this had been cleverly cultivated by a large group of insurgents who had thousands of alien agents. Strong protests were being made from all quarters to punish the terrorist that had martyred Usman (R.A). Ali issued orders for the dismissal of all provincial governors. This step proved to be counterproductive as many of his nominees failed to win popular support specialy in Kufa and Syria. In these two the appointees were unable to even enter their respective provinces. This further aggravated the situation when Muawiya the governor of Syria refused and demanded that the assassins of Usman (R.A) should be punished first.
Battle of Camel:
Before Ali (R.A) could bring action against Muawiya, Talha and Zubair (R.A) who had originally sided with Ali turned against him and raised cry for vengeance of the blood of Usman (R.A). They were joined by Aisha the widow of the Prophet (S.A.W). They raised an army and proceeded to Basra. Ali (R.A) also raised an army of 10000 and both the armies met near Basra in August 656 A.D (36 A.H)
Negotiations took place between the two parties and were almost successful, but Ali (R.A)’s force contained the bulk of such persons who had led the revolt against Usman (R.A). They felt that in case an amicable settlement was arrived between the parties, it would be against their interests. They, accordingly, sabotaged the peace parleys. Talha and Zubair left the battlefield according to the terms of the treaty but were killed. Thus both the sides were forced to take up arms. Aisha (R.A) personally participated in the battle, and the camel on which she was seated became the center of attraction. The battle accordingly came to be known as the Battle of Camel. Ali (R.A) won the battle, Aisha (R.A) was accorded due respect and was sent back to Madinah.
This was the first civil war among the Muslims in which as many as 10000 Muslims were killed from both sides.
Battle of Siffin:
The conflict between Ali (R.A) and Muawiya (R.A) eventually took the form of one of the largest battles ever fought in the History of Islam. Muawiya (R.A) as demanded the punishment of Usman’s assassins but Ali (R.A) refused to act on his demand on immediate bases. Muawiya (R.A) started a campaign against Ali (R.A) to insight the people against Ali (R.A). He displayed the blood stained shirt of Usman (R.A) and chopped fingers of his wife Naila. He accused Ali (R.A) of being involved in the assassination of Usman (R.A) as Ali’s two sons were guarding the house of Usman (R.A) at the time of his martyrdom. Ali had no option instead to wage war against Muawiya and at the head of 90000 men Ali marched towards Syria. Both armies met at Siffin in Muharram 37 A.H (May 657 A.D). The fighting continued for several days and there was a considerable loss of life from both sides. At the end the Battle went in favor of Ali (R.A) and Muawiya in order to avoid the defeat resorted to a trick, his men raised Quran on their lances as a sign that war should be ceased and that the decision should be referred to the Quran. Many officers in Ali’s army refused to fight, so the war was stopped and it was decided that the matter be referred to an arbitration (mediation/settlement). Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashari and Muaviya appointed Amr bin Aas. They were to settle the dispute in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah and announce their decision by Ramadan. In the meantime all hostilities were to cease. In Ramadan Abu Musa Ashari and Amr bin Aas met at Dumat-ul-Jandal, a place between Kufa and Damascus, for arbitration. The question put to them was ‘’are the two eligible for the post of Caliph.’’ Abu Musa announced that both Ali and Muaviya would resign and the people should be given a right to choose any one of them as Caliph. Amr bin Aas announced that he agreed with Abu Musa to depose Ali but he himself had decided to retain Muaviya on his post. Because Muaviya is a successful governor and his people have no complaints against him, so the election for the Caliph should take place while Muaviya retained his seat. The decision was one sided so Ali, on principle did not accept it so the arbitration failed.
Kharijites:
The battle of Siffin led to the birth of the first sect among Muslims that came to be known as Kharijites. The term Kharijites literally means separatists or out goers. When Ali was going to Kufa after the decision of arbitration right after the Battle of Siffin, they insisted that Ali should attack the Syrians. Ali replied that he could not break the agreement signed by him. They formed a party and started their activities against Ali.
Battle of Naharwan:
Ali (R.A) was preparing to wage a war against Muawiya when Kharijities who had gathered at Naharwan, had begun to plot against the caliph diverted his attention. Ali (R.A) advanced against them IN 658AD/37AH and inflicted a crushing defeat on them.
He then wanted to proceed to Syria but his troops disobeyed the order and deserted him.

 

[Irfan Atique]

aoa sir u have provided with great answers.but iam having some problem with the following qs??
1.quranic teaching of allah in himself
2.hadith in indvidual lives
3.hadith in communal life
4.isnad and matn to decide authenticity of hadith
5.Write about how thefourRightlyGuided Caliphs are rolemodelsforleaders today
6.main events of hazrat uthman and ali as caliph?

Question: What was the significance of the Battle of Siffin? [4]
It was after this episode that the Kharijites emerged who later became the assassins of Hazrat Ali (R.A).The discord between Hazrat Ali (R.A) and Muawiya cast negative repercussions on Hazrat Ali’s sons Imam Hassan and Imam Hussain after his death. It was the enmity of Muawiya with Hazrat Ali (R.A) due to which he found the presence of Imam Hassan intolerable and had him murdered through his wife Joda. It was the first example of Muslims tying Quran to their lances to save themselves from defeat.It was the largest battle ever fought in the history of Islam between the Muslims.
Question: Why Talha And Zubair Opposed Ali? [4]
Hazrat Talha (R.A) and Hazrat Zubair (R.A) opposed Ali for a number of reasons. They had initially taken oath at Hazrat Ali’s hand and hoped Hazrat Ali (R.A) would take quick action against the killers of HazratUsman (R.A). Hazrat Ali (R.A), however, having his own plans and strategies, acted differently. He began to dismiss the governors appointed by Hazrat Usman since he considered them to be the root cause of all troubles. While doing so, the actions against Hazrat Usman’s killers got delayed and this delay drove a wedge between Ali and the two close companions of the Prophet (S.A.W). They began to oppose Hazrat Ali’s policies as they wanted urgent steps against the rebels. Failing to see Hazrat Ali introducing any reforms to control the crisis, Talha and Zubair joined Ayesha.
Question: why muaviya refused to accept ali as caliph? [4]
Ali had been elected in unusual circumstances, mainly on the insistence of the rebels against Usman. Ali wanted to restore peace first and then deal with the assassination of Usman, so he issued orders of the governors appointed by Usman. Muaviya’s name was in the list. Ali ordered Muaviya to surrender his position as governor of Syria. Since Muaviya would not accept `Ali as caliph he did not do this. Ali refused to take steps against the killers of Muaviya’s uncle `Usman. Muaviya insisted that `Ali should punish them before he would obey him. Muaviya’s opposition was a combination of personal ambition and desire for justice.
Question: How was the administration during Ali’s caliphate? [4]
The whole period of his caliphate passed in civil wars therefore he did not have a chance to pay proper attention to administration or conquests. He administered the state on the lines laid down by the previous caliphs without making any changes. The divisions of the provinces remained the same as during Umar’s time with a few exceptions. The capital was changed from Medina to Kufa and some of the officers and governors were changed. Ali was very particular in taking care of non-Muslims. He constructed castles for the women and children who were widowed and orphaned in Iran during the days of revolt. He introduced Islamic injunctions which included whip lashes to drinkers and cutting of hands on stealing. He passed laws to provide food to the prisoners.

 

[Irfan Atique]

The Caliphate of Hazarat Usman (r.a)
Question: How Usman was elected?
Answer: Umar nominated Ali, Talha, Zubair, Usman, Abur Rehman bin Auf and Saad bin AbiWaqqas. All were one of the 10 blessed companions. Umar’s choice was Abdur Rehman but he was not willing to shoulder the responsibility. Talha was not in Meidna so the choice was now restricted to the remaining four. It was decided that as Abdur Rehman had stepped down, therefore he should choose the next Caliph. He consulted each one individually; Ali chose Usman and Usman chose Ali, Saad supported Usman while Zubair mentioned both Usman and Ali. He asked the opinion of the other prominent men as well and came to the conclusion that the majority favoured Usman. Abdur Rehman first took the pledge of allegiance followed by Ali and other companions and there was a general pledge. He became the third Caliph on the 4th Muharram 24 A.H.
Question: Briefly describe the main events of the caliphate of Usman? [10]
Answer: Uthman was the third caliph. He continued the policy of expanding the Islamic territories. He expanded the state towards the east and in the Mediterranean and crushed many rebellions. During the early years, the process of expansion of the Empire continued. The army moved in all directions and for the first time in Islamic History, utilized naval power. During his caliphate, for the first time a fleet of nearly 500 ships was built to fight with the Greeks on the Mediterranean Sea. His earliest focus was the Persian Empire in the East. Khurasan, Merv, Tus, Sarakhs and the then Khawarzim were captured in 650 AD. This bought 40,000 captives and rich booty to Medina. Towards the West, the Byzantines forces were defeated and Cyprus was conquered in 649 AD. In North America, Libya, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia were conquered by the middle of the 7th century. In 651 AD, the standardization of the Quran on the basis of Mushaf-e-Hafsa was done. Recitation on the model of only this copy was allowed and the rest burnt. Official copies dispatched to all provincial capitals. Two of the original manuscripts of his time exist even today Continued to improve on the administrative network laid down by the previous Caliphs. Regrouped some of the provinces and created new provinces for the newly conquered territories. Majlis-e-Shoora or council of consultation was maintained. Held periodic conference of the district authorities in order to keep him informed of the conditions of the country Used to hear public complaints after Friday prayers. He allowed Arabs to acquire agricultural lands in the conquered territories. Expanded the Prophet’s mosque and constructed new mosques, inns, border outposts etc. He made arrangements for the supply of drinking water for travellers by digging wells by the sides of roads and highways, a dam was built to protect Medina from floods Raised the salaries of the officers and the armed forces. Increased the allowances paid to people by 25% is said to have sent religious teachers to India to spread Islam. During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 AH. He was a very gentle and soft hearted person. The people who wanted to create chaos among Muslims took advantage of his soft nature. Umar was a very strict administrator and the machinery of the government worked smoothly in his time. Usman used to overlook the minor faults of the appointed Amils, provincial heads as well as the new converts. They took advantage of his leniency and rebelled against him. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, embarked on a subtle campaign of creating dissension (conflict) among the Muslims. He and his followers established their headquarters in Egypt and began to circulate forged letters that complaints against the Caliph, his governors and other state officials. Efforts were made to highlight the long forgotten rivalry between Banu Hashim and Banu Umayya. Usman did not take timely action against him. Even some of the noblest actions of his were misprojected before the public; for example, the standardization of the Quran and the expansion of the compound of the Kaabah. That uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt finally in 35 AH troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the Caliph. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got a hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him. One of the main allegations against him was that he had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra. All the governors appointed by him were people of great caliber. AmeerMuaviya, a relative of his was appointed by Umar as the governor of Syria and Usman let him continue his job because he was doing it well. Abdullah bin Saad, his foster brother, was appointed governor of Egypt also by Umar. Usman appointed Saad bin Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa. When he was unable to control the situation there, he was replaced by Waleed bin Uqba (Usman’s foster brother) who proved his worth. Abu Musa Ashari was deposed at the demand of people of Basra, was replaced by Abdullah bin Amir (Usman’s cousin) according to the wishes of the people. He proved very successful Thus none of the governors appointed by him proved a failure. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did not keep a check on his governors. He, unlike Umar, gave the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did not interfere in there day to day affairs. His burning of the Quran was seen by some as destroying God’s Word. This was done after consultation with the other companions and it was a great service that he rendered to Islam. He gave convincing reply to each of the charges in the presence of the Prophet’s companions. His explanation was accepted. The rebels however struck to one point—their demand to depose the Caliph. To achieve this end, finally in 35 A.H troops from Egypt, Kufa and Basra marched to Medina and encamped outside the capital. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him.

 

[Irfan Atique]

The Caliphate of Hazarat Usman (r.a)
Question: How Usman was elected?
Answer: Umar nominated Ali, Talha, Zubair, Usman, Abur Rehman bin Auf and Saad bin AbiWaqqas. All were one of the 10 blessed companions. Umar’s choice was Abdur Rehman but he was not willing to shoulder the responsibility. Talha was not in Meidna so the choice was now restricted to the remaining four. It was decided that as Abdur Rehman had stepped down, therefore he should choose the next Caliph. He consulted each one individually; Ali chose Usman and Usman chose Ali, Saad supported Usman while Zubair mentioned both Usman and Ali. He asked the opinion of the other prominent men as well and came to the conclusion that the majority favoured Usman. Abdur Rehman first took the pledge of allegiance followed by Ali and other companions and there was a general pledge. He became the third Caliph on the 4th Muharram 24 A.H.
Question: Briefly describe the main events of the caliphate of Usman? [10]
Answer: Uthman was the third caliph. He continued the policy of expanding the Islamic territories. He expanded the state towards the east and in the Mediterranean and crushed many rebellions. During the early years, the process of expansion of the Empire continued. The army moved in all directions and for the first time in Islamic History, utilized naval power. During his caliphate, for the first time a fleet of nearly 500 ships was built to fight with the Greeks on the Mediterranean Sea. His earliest focus was the Persian Empire in the East. Khurasan, Merv, Tus, Sarakhs and the then Khawarzim were captured in 650 AD. This bought 40,000 captives and rich booty to Medina. Towards the West, the Byzantines forces were defeated and Cyprus was conquered in 649 AD. In North America, Libya, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia were conquered by the middle of the 7th century. In 651 AD, the standardization of the Quran on the basis of Mushaf-e-Hafsa was done. Recitation on the model of only this copy was allowed and the rest burnt. Official copies dispatched to all provincial capitals. Two of the original manuscripts of his time exist even today Continued to improve on the administrative network laid down by the previous Caliphs. Regrouped some of the provinces and created new provinces for the newly conquered territories. Majlis-e-Shoora or council of consultation was maintained. Held periodic conference of the district authorities in order to keep him informed of the conditions of the country Used to hear public complaints after Friday prayers. He allowed Arabs to acquire agricultural lands in the conquered territories. Expanded the Prophet’s mosque and constructed new mosques, inns, border outposts etc. He made arrangements for the supply of drinking water for travellers by digging wells by the sides of roads and highways, a dam was built to protect Medina from floods Raised the salaries of the officers and the armed forces. Increased the allowances paid to people by 25% is said to have sent religious teachers to India to spread Islam. During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 AH. He was a very gentle and soft hearted person. The people who wanted to create chaos among Muslims took advantage of his soft nature. Umar was a very strict administrator and the machinery of the government worked smoothly in his time. Usman used to overlook the minor faults of the appointed Amils, provincial heads as well as the new converts. They took advantage of his leniency and rebelled against him. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, embarked on a subtle campaign of creating dissension (conflict) among the Muslims. He and his followers established their headquarters in Egypt and began to circulate forged letters that complaints against the Caliph, his governors and other state officials. Efforts were made to highlight the long forgotten rivalry between Banu Hashim and Banu Umayya. Usman did not take timely action against him. Even some of the noblest actions of his were misprojected before the public; for example, the standardization of the Quran and the expansion of the compound of the Kaabah. That uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt finally in 35 AH troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the Caliph. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got a hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him. One of the main allegations against him was that he had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra. All the governors appointed by him were people of great caliber. AmeerMuaviya, a relative of his was appointed by Umar as the governor of Syria and Usman let him continue his job because he was doing it well. Abdullah bin Saad, his foster brother, was appointed governor of Egypt also by Umar. Usman appointed Saad bin Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa. When he was unable to control the situation there, he was replaced by Waleed bin Uqba (Usman’s foster brother) who proved his worth. Abu Musa Ashari was deposed at the demand of people of Basra, was replaced by Abdullah bin Amir (Usman’s cousin) according to the wishes of the people. He proved very successful Thus none of the governors appointed by him proved a failure. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did not keep a check on his governors. He, unlike Umar, gave the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did not interfere in there day to day affairs. His burning of the Quran was seen by some as destroying God’s Word. This was done after consultation with the other companions and it was a great service that he rendered to Islam. He gave convincing reply to each of the charges in the presence of the Prophet’s companions. His explanation was accepted. The rebels however struck to one point—their demand to depose the Caliph. To achieve this end, finally in 35 A.H troops from Egypt, Kufa and Basra marched to Medina and encamped outside the capital. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him.

Question: What were the difficulties faced by Usman in the last days of his Caliphate?Answer: During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 A.H. One of the main allegations against him was that he had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra. All the governors appointed by him were people of great caliber. AmeerMuaviya, a relative of his was appointed by Umar as the governor of Syria and Usman let him continue his job because he was doing it well. Abdullah bin Saad, his foster brother, was appointed governor of Egypt also by Umar. Usman appointed Saad bin Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa. When he was unable to control the situation there, he was replaced by Waleed bin Uqba (Usman’s foster brother) who proved his worth. Abu Musa Ashari was deposed at the demand of people of Basra, was replaced by Abdullah bin Amir (Usman’s cousin) according to the wishes of the people. He proved very successful thus none of the governors appointed by him proved a failure. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did not keep a check on his governors. He, unlike Umar, gave the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did not interfere in there day to day affairs. His burning of the Quran was seen by some as destroying God’s Word. This was done after consultation with the other companions and it was a great service that he rendered to Islam. He gave convincing reply to each of the charges in the presence of the Prophet’s companions. His explanation was accepted. He was a very gentle and soft hearted person. The people who wanted to create chaos among Muslims took advantage of his soft nature. Umar was a very strict administer and the machinery of the government worked smoothly in his time. Usman used to overlook the minor faults of the appointed Amils, provincial heads as well as the new converts. They took an advantage of his leniency and rebelled against him. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, embarked on a subtle campaign of creating dissension (conflict) among the Muslims. He and his followers established their headquarters in Egypt and began to circulate forged letters that complaints against the Caliph, his governors and other state officials. Efforts were made to highlight the long forgotten rivalry between BanuHashim and BanuUmayya.
Usman did not take timely action against him. Even some of the noblest actions of his were mis-projected before the public; for example, the standardization of the Quran and the expansion of the compound of the Kaabah. The uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces and arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the caliph. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him.

 

[Irfan Atique]

Question: What were the difficulties faced by Usman in the last days of his Caliphate?Answer: During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 A.H. One of the main allegations against him was that he had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra. All the governors appointed by him were people of great caliber. AmeerMuaviya, a relative of his was appointed by Umar as the governor of Syria and Usman let him continue his job because he was doing it well. Abdullah bin Saad, his foster brother, was appointed governor of Egypt also by Umar. Usman appointed Saad bin Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa. When he was unable to control the situation there, he was replaced by Waleed bin Uqba (Usman’s foster brother) who proved his worth. Abu Musa Ashari was deposed at the demand of people of Basra, was replaced by Abdullah bin Amir (Usman’s cousin) according to the wishes of the people. He proved very successful thus none of the governors appointed by him proved a failure. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did not keep a check on his governors. He, unlike Umar, gave the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did not interfere in there day to day affairs. His burning of the Quran was seen by some as destroying God’s Word. This was done after consultation with the other companions and it was a great service that he rendered to Islam. He gave convincing reply to each of the charges in the presence of the Prophet’s companions. His explanation was accepted. He was a very gentle and soft hearted person. The people who wanted to create chaos among Muslims took advantage of his soft nature. Umar was a very strict administer and the machinery of the government worked smoothly in his time. Usman used to overlook the minor faults of the appointed Amils, provincial heads as well as the new converts. They took an advantage of his leniency and rebelled against him. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, embarked on a subtle campaign of creating dissension (conflict) among the Muslims. He and his followers established their headquarters in Egypt and began to circulate forged letters that complaints against the Caliph, his governors and other state officials. Efforts were made to highlight the long forgotten rivalry between BanuHashim and BanuUmayya.
Usman did not take timely action against him. Even some of the noblest actions of his were mis-projected before the public; for example, the standardization of the Quran and the expansion of the compound of the Kaabah. The uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces and arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the caliph. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him.

Question: Outline the Administrative achievements of Hazrat Usman (R.A)?Answer: During the early years, the process of expansion of the Empire continued under Usman’s administration. The army moved in all directions and for the first time in Islamic History, utilized naval power. During his caliphate, for the first time a fleet of nearly 500 ships was built to fight with the Greeks on the Mediterranean Sea. His earliest focus was the Persian Empire in the East. Khurasan, Merv, Tus, Sarakhs and the then Khawarzim were captured in 650 AD. This bought 40,000 captives and rich booty to Medina. Towards the West, the Byzantines forces were defeated and Cyprus was conquered in 649 AD. In North America, Libya, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia were conquered by the middle of the 7th century. In 651 AD, the standardization of the Quran on the basis of Mushaf-e-Hafsa was done. Recitation on the model of only this copy was allowed and the rest burnt. Official copies dispatched to all provincial capitals. Two of the original manuscripts of his time exist even today Continued to improve on the administrative network laid down by the previous Caliphs. Regrouped some of the provinces and created new provinces for the newly conquered territories. Majlis-e-Shoora or council of consultation was maintained. Held periodic conference of the district authorities in order to keep him informed of the conditions of the country Used to hear public complaints after Friday prayers. He allowed Arabs to acquire agricultural lands in the conquered territories. Expanded the Prophet’s mosque and constructed new mosques, inns, border outposts etc. He made arrangements for the supply of drinking water for travellers by digging wells by the sides of roads and highways, a dam was built to protect Medina from floods Raised the salaries of the officers and the armed forces. Increased the allowances paid to people by 25% is said to have sent religious teachers to India to spread Islam.
Question: Write a note on the martyrdom of Usman and significance of his martyrdom?
Answer: Because of compilation and appointing relatives as governors led to several uprisings, the uprising in Iraq, Kufa, and Egypt. Finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the Caliph. Usman had pacified them. The rebels were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. They returned to Medina after four days shouting for revenge. They laid to siege to his house by hundreds and did not allow food and water to reach him. Ali disputed his sons, Hassan and Hussain, and Zubair deputed his son Abdullah to protect him. Some companions who were successful in reaching him, wanted to help him and fight the rebels or send for the army. But Usman refused saying that he did not want to shed Muslim blood. The siege lasted for 50 days and finally some rebels jumped into his house, injured his wife Naila and killed him while he was reciting the Quran. The copy of that particular Quran still exists with his blood on it. He died on Friday, 18th of Zil Hajj 35 A.H.
Usman’s martyrdom was a great tragedy with far reaching consequences. It marked the start of sectarianism among the Muslims. The future events proved it. His murder reflected the growing strength of anti-Islamic forces that had long been busy in hatching conspiracies against the Muslim community secretly. The same conspirators would create difficulties for the 4th Caliph, Ali. The event also reflected the gentle disposition and simple mindedness of Usman who didn’t take any action against the rebels on the ground that he did not want to shed Muslim blood.
Question: Explain why ‘Uthman encountered difficulties in the later years of his caliphate and was assassinated. [4]
Answer: During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 A.H. He had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra his act was regarded as favoritism. The burning of the copies of the Quran to be replaced by the official version prepared by Zaid bin Thabit was seen as destroying the word of Allah. Yet another reason was that some Muslims questioned his ability to rule. Because of compilation and appointing relatives as governors led to several uprisings, the uprising in Iraq, Kufa, and Egypt. Finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the Caliph. Usman had pacified them. The rebels were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. They returned to Medina after four days shouting for revenge. The siege lasted for 50 days and finally some rebels jumped into his house, injured his wife Naila and killed him while he was reciting the Quran. The copy of that particular Quran still exists with his blood on it. He died on Friday, 18th of Zil Hajj 35 A.H.

 

[Irfan Atique]

Question: Outline the Administrative achievements of Hazrat Usman (R.A)?Answeruring the early years, the process of expansion of the Empire continued under Usman’s administration. The army moved in all directions and for the first time in Islamic History, utilized naval power. During his caliphate, for the first time a fleet of nearly 500 ships was built to fight with the Greeks on the Mediterranean Sea. His earliest focus was the Persian Empire in the East. Khurasan, Merv, Tus, Sarakhs and the then Khawarzim were captured in 650 AD. This bought 40,000 captives and rich booty to Medina. Towards the West, the Byzantines forces were defeated and Cyprus was conquered in 649 AD. In North America, Libya, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia were conquered by the middle of the 7th century. In 651 AD, the standardization of the Quran on the basis of Mushaf-e-Hafsa was done. Recitation on the model of only this copy was allowed and the rest burnt. Official copies dispatched to all provincial capitals. Two of the original manuscripts of his time exist even today Continued to improve on the administrative network laid down by the previous Caliphs. Regrouped some of the provinces and created new provinces for the newly conquered territories. Majlis-e-Shoora or council of consultation was maintained. Held periodic conference of the district authorities in order to keep him informed of the conditions of the country Used to hear public complaints after Friday prayers. He allowed Arabs to acquire agricultural lands in the conquered territories. Expanded the Prophet’s mosque and constructed new mosques, inns, border outposts etc. He made arrangements for the supply of drinking water for travellers by digging wells by the sides of roads and highways, a dam was built to protect Medina from floods Raised the salaries of the officers and the armed forces. Increased the allowances paid to people by 25% is said to have sent religious teachers to India to spread Islam.
Question: Write a note on the martyrdom of Usman and significance of his martyrdom?
Answer: Because of compilation and appointing relatives as governors led to several uprisings, the uprising in Iraq, Kufa, and Egypt. Finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the Caliph. Usman had pacified them. The rebels were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. They returned to Medina after four days shouting for revenge. They laid to siege to his house by hundreds and did not allow food and water to reach him. Ali disputed his sons, Hassan and Hussain, and Zubair deputed his son Abdullah to protect him. Some companions who were successful in reaching him, wanted to help him and fight the rebels or send for the army. But Usman refused saying that he did not want to shed Muslim blood. The siege lasted for 50 days and finally some rebels jumped into his house, injured his wife Naila and killed him while he was reciting the Quran. The copy of that particular Quran still exists with his blood on it. He died on Friday, 18th of Zil Hajj 35 A.H.
Usman’s martyrdom was a great tragedy with far reaching consequences. It marked the start of sectarianism among the Muslims. The future events proved it. His murder reflected the growing strength of anti-Islamic forces that had long been busy in hatching conspiracies against the Muslim community secretly. The same conspirators would create difficulties for the 4th Caliph, Ali. The event also reflected the gentle disposition and simple mindedness of Usman who didn’t take any action against the rebels on the ground that he did not want to shed Muslim blood.
Question: Explain why ‘Uthman encountered difficulties in the later years of his caliphate and was assassinated. [4]
Answer: During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 A.H. He had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra his act was regarded as favoritism. The burning of the copies of the Quran to be replaced by the official version prepared by Zaid bin Thabit was seen as destroying the word of Allah. Yet another reason was that some Muslims questioned his ability to rule. Because of compilation and appointing relatives as governors led to several uprisings, the uprising in Iraq, Kufa, and Egypt. Finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the Caliph. Usman had pacified them. The rebels were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. They returned to Medina after four days shouting for revenge. The siege lasted for 50 days and finally some rebels jumped into his house, injured his wife Naila and killed him while he was reciting the Quran. The copy of that particular Quran still exists with his blood on it. He died on Friday, 18th of Zil Hajj 35 A.H.

Q5: Write about how the four Rightly Guided Caliphs are role models for leaders today? [4]
Answer: The first four caliphs are particularly significant to modern intra-Islamic rulers they are models of righteous rule for today’s Muslim rulers.First four caliphs of the Islamic community: Ab Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khab, Uthmn ibn Affn, and Al. As Islam's first rulers after Muhammad, they assumed all his duties except prophecy: they led the congregation in prayer, delivered the Friday sermons, and commanded the army. The caliphate of the Rashdn expanded the Islamic state beyond Arabia into Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, and Armenia. They were also responsible for the adoption of the Islamic calendar and the establishment of an authoritative reading of the Qurn
They are called so because they have been seen as model Muslim leaders by Muslims. This terminology came into a general use around the world, since Islam has been the dominant Islamic tradition, and for a long time it has been considered the most authoritative source of information about Islam in the Western world.
They were all close companions of Muhammad (S.A.W) and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar were married to Muhammad (S.A.W) and two of Muhammad (S.A.W)'s daughterswere married to Uthman and one with Ali. Likewise, their succession was not hereditary, something that would become the custom after them, beginning with the subsequent Umayyad. Council decision or caliph's choice determines the successor originally. All four Orthodox caliphs ruled according to their Teacher and Ruler Muhammad (S.A.W) which Muhammad (S.A.W) taught them how to rule in the charter of Madinah, and his (S.A.W)’s last sermon. That is why the 24 years and 4 months of their rule is called golden era.

 

[Irfan Atique]

aoa sir u have provided with great answers.but iam having some problem with the following qs??
1.quranic teaching of allah in himself
2.hadith in indvidual lives
3.hadith in communal life
4.isnad and matn to decide authenticity of hadith
5.Write about how thefourRightlyGuided Caliphs are rolemodelsforleaders today
6.main events of hazrat uthman and ali as caliph?

I have read the Caliph written on XP and in my opinion they are more than enough for you to understand.......i just simply posted for you but the credit is for the one who wrote about Caliphs.............. though I have made some changes and some extra material
The Caliphate of Hazrat Ali (R.A)
Question: Write about how Ali was Elected?
There was no Caliph of Islam for three days after Hazrat Usman's murder. Medina was completely in the grip of the rioters. Most of the Companions had left Medina during the dark days of the holocaust (a war in which very many ordinary people were killed). The few who remained felt absolutely helpless. After three days, when the rebels decided to return to their homes, they felt it was necessary that the new Caliph should be chosen before they left Medina. In this connection there were differences among the rebels. One group favored the election of Ali (Egypt); another favored the election of Talha (Kufa) while the third wanted Zubair (Basra).The Egyptians and some prominent companions requested Hazrat Ali to accept the office of the Caliph but he refused. The rebels then offered the Khilafat to Talha and Zubair but they too refused. They next requested the Ansar to choose a Caliph from amongst themselves, but they declined and said in that in the presence of Ali, no one else deserved to be the Caliph. There was a complete deadlock in the matter of election. They then gave the ultimatum that unless the Caliph was chosen within the next 24 hours, they would be forced to take some drastic action (mass murder).
Hazrat Ali had talks with those of the Companions who were still in Medina. They favored him to forward and serve the people. So Hazrat Ali agreed to take responsibility of guiding the affairs of the Muslims. He consented to become the fourth Caliph of Islam. All came to the Prophet's Mosque to receive the pledge of loyalty. Malik Ushtar was the first to take the pledge. He was followed by other people. Talha and Zubair, the two noted Companions, were in Medina at the time. They were among the six electors nominated by Umar. Hazrat Ali wanted to have their confidence. Both of them took the pledge.
Members of the Umayyad family all fled to Syria. They took away with them the blood-stained shirt of the late Caliph and the chopped fingers of his wife, Naila. Hazrat Ali knew well that difficult times lay ahead. The forces of lawlessness had been unleashed. It would require tireless work, great patience and much tact to restore law and order. Ali hoped to accomplish the task with the co-operation of his people.
Question: Write down the difficulties/Activities of Hazrat Ali (R.A) after he elected as the fourth Caliph? [10]
Ali (R.A) assumed the power at perhaps the most difficult times in the history of Islam. The capital Madinah Munawarah, as well as the provinces under Muslim rule was in grip of terror, chaos and anarchy everywhere. All this had been cleverly cultivated by a large group of insurgents who had thousands of alien agents. Strong protests were being made from all quarters to punish the terrorist that had martyred Usman (R.A). Ali issued orders for the dismissal of all provincial governors. This step proved to be counterproductive as many of his nominees failed to win popular support specialy in Kufa and Syria. In these two the appointees were unable to even enter their respective provinces. This further aggravated the situation when Muawiya the governor of Syria refused and demanded that the assassins of Usman (R.A) should be punished first.
Battle of Camel:
Before Ali (R.A) could bring action against Muawiya, Talha and Zubair (R.A) who had originally sided with Ali turned against him and raised cry for vengeance of the blood of Usman (R.A). They were joined by Aisha the widow of the Prophet (S.A.W). They raised an army and proceeded to Basra. Ali (R.A) also raised an army of 10000 and both the armies met near Basra in August 656 A.D (36 A.H)
Negotiations took place between the two parties and were almost successful, but Ali (R.A)’s force contained the bulk of such persons who had led the revolt against Usman (R.A). They felt that in case an amicable settlement was arrived between the parties, it would be against their interests. They, accordingly, sabotaged the peace parleys. Talha and Zubair left the battlefield according to the terms of the treaty but were killed. Thus both the sides were forced to take up arms. Aisha (R.A) personally participated in the battle, and the camel on which she was seated became the center of attraction. The battle accordingly came to be known as the Battle of Camel. Ali (R.A) won the battle, Aisha (R.A) was accorded due respect and was sent back to Madinah.
This was the first civil war among the Muslims in which as many as 10000 Muslims were killed from both sides.
Battle of Siffin:
The conflict between Ali (R.A) and Muawiya (R.A) eventually took the form of one of the largest battles ever fought in the History of Islam. Muawiya (R.A) as demanded the punishment of Usman’s assassins but Ali (R.A) refused to act on his demand on immediate bases. Muawiya (R.A) started a campaign against Ali (R.A) to insight the people against Ali (R.A). He displayed the blood stained shirt of Usman (R.A) and chopped fingers of his wife Naila. He accused Ali (R.A) of being involved in the assassination of Usman (R.A) as Ali’s two sons were guarding the house of Usman (R.A) at the time of his martyrdom. Ali had no option instead to wage war against Muawiya and at the head of 90000 men Ali marched towards Syria. Both armies met at Siffin in Muharram 37 A.H (May 657 A.D). The fighting continued for several days and there was a considerable loss of life from both sides. At the end the Battle went in favor of Ali (R.A) and Muawiya in order to avoid the defeat resorted to a trick, his men raised Quran on their lances as a sign that war should be ceased and that the decision should be referred to the Quran. Many officers in Ali’s army refused to fight, so the war was stopped and it was decided that the matter be referred to an arbitration (mediation/settlement). Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashari and Muaviya appointed Amr bin Aas. They were to settle the dispute in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah and announce their decision by Ramadan. In the meantime all hostilities were to cease. In Ramadan Abu Musa Ashari and Amr bin Aas met at Dumat-ul-Jandal, a place between Kufa and Damascus, for arbitration. The question put to them was ‘’are the two eligible for the post of Caliph.’’ Abu Musa announced that both Ali and Muaviya would resign and the people should be given a right to choose any one of them as Caliph. Amr bin Aas announced that he agreed with Abu Musa to depose Ali but he himself had decided to retain Muaviya on his post. Because Muaviya is a successful governor and his people have no complaints against him, so the election for the Caliph should take place while Muaviya retained his seat. The decision was one sided so Ali, on principle did not accept it so the arbitration failed.
Kharijites:
The battle of Siffin led to the birth of the first sect among Muslims that came to be known as Kharijites. The term Kharijites literally means separatists or out goers. When Ali was going to Kufa after the decision of arbitration right after the Battle of Siffin, they insisted that Ali should attack the Syrians. Ali replied that he could not break the agreement signed by him. They formed a party and started their activities against Ali.
Battle of Naharwan:
Ali (R.A) was preparing to wage a war against Muawiya when Kharijities who had gathered at Naharwan, had begun to plot against the caliph diverted his attention. Ali (R.A) advanced against them IN 658AD/37AH and inflicted a crushing defeat on them.
He then wanted to proceed to Syria but his troops disobeyed the order and deserted him.

 

[mohammad ahmed]

thank you sir u have provided with great answers.god bless you

 

[asma tareen]

sir is it important to write alot of quranic verses or traditions in our answers???

 

[Irfan Atique]

sir is it important to write alot of quranic verses or traditions in our answers???

for i0 marks, depending on the question minimum 5 maximum 8 to 10

 

[asma tareen]

for i0 marks, depending on the question minimum 5 maximum 8 to 10

thanks sir for ur guidance

 

[Irfan Atique]

thanks sir for ur guidance

you are welcome

 

[Irfan Atique]

sir is it important to write alot of quranic verses or traditions in our answers???

Dear Ahmed, not lots of..... for 10 marks minimum 5 and maximum 8 to 10 if you wanna score high

 

[Master Minds]

Great answers sir! Your answers actually made this thread much helpful. It gave me a perfect revision for exams. May Allah Bless you!
Sir i have a question,
Actually through all the 2 years I am studying this course, I have been rewarded up to 10/10 marks for writing answers with max 3 reference. So I am confused that was i rewarded wrong marks? Also at this time it is not easy for me to learn several hadith and Quranic verses and practice to apply least 5 in one answer. Do i really need to do that or I can still score till level 4 without doing this?

 

[Irfan Atique]

Great answers sir! Your answers actually made this thread much helpful. It gave me a perfect revision for exams. May Allah Bless you!
Sir i have a question,
Actually through all the 2 years I am studying this course, I have been rewarded up to 10/10 marks for writing answers with max 3 reference. So I am confused that was i rewarded wrong marks? Also at this time it is not easy for me to learn several hadith and Quranic verses and practice to apply least 5 in one answer. Do i really need to do that or I can still score till level 4 without doing this?

DEAR YOUR TEACHERS EVEN DINT KNOW ABOUT THIS COZ THEY NEVER STUDIED THE SYLLABUS.... AND MARKING SCHEME FOR HOW WE GAVE 10/10 IN THE BEGINNING OF THIS THREAD I HAVE UPLOADED ABOUT WHAT CIE EXAMINERS WANT FROM STUDENTS

 

[Master Minds]

DEAR YOUR TEACHERS EVEN DINT KNOW ABOUT THIS COZ THEY NEVER STUDIED THE SYLLABUS.... AND MARKING SCHEME FOR HOW WE GAVE 10/10 IN THE BEGINNING OF THIS THREAD I HAVE UPLOADED ABOUT WHAT CIE EXAMINERS WANT FROM STUDENTS

sir i didn't find any evidence of at least 5 references, what i understand with the description of level 4 is that multiple references are to be quoted to support the points made where appropriate.