A2 Biology | Post your doubts here

[confused_soul]

hey can some one please explain recombinant DNA ; reference to DNA
and please explain oxidative phosphorylation

 

[user]

hey can some one please explain recombinant DNA ; reference to DNA
and please explain oxidative phosphorylation

Assalamoalaikum wr wb!

Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

1. reduced, NAD / FAD ;​

2. passed to ETC ;​

3. inner membrane / cristae ;​

4. hydrogen released (from reduced, NAD / FAD) ; R H2​

5. split into electrons and protons ;​

6. protons in matrix ;​

7. electrons pass along, carriers / cytochromes ;​

8. ref. redox reactions ;​

9. ref. energy gradient ;​

10. energy released ; R produced​

11. protons (pumped) into intermembrane space ;​

12. proton gradient ;​

13. protons pass through (protein) channels ;​

14. ATP synthase / stalked particles ;​

15. ATP produced ;​

16. chemiosmosis ;​

17. electron transferred to oxygen ;​

18. addition of proton (to oxygen) to form water / (oxygen) reduced to water ;​

Reduced NAD and reduced FAD are passed to the electron transport chain. Here, hydrogens are removed from the two carriers and each is split into proton and electron. The electron is transferred to the electron carriers, whilst the protons remain is solution in the mitochondrial matrix. ​

The hydrogens, picked up by the NAD and FAD, are now split into electrons and protons. The electrons are passed along the electron transport chain, on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. As they move along the chain, they lose energy which is then used to actively transport the hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondrion, across the inner membrane and into the inter-membrane space. This builds up a high concentration of hydrogen ions in this space. They are allowed to diffuse back into the matrix through special channel proteins that work as ATPases. Associated with each channel is the enzyme ATPsynthase. The movement of hydrogen ions through the ATPases provide enough energy to make ADP combine with the inorganic phosphate to produce ATP. At the end of the chain, the electrons reunite with the protons from which they were originally split. They combine with oxygen to produce water.

^from XPFMember's notes

 

[confused_soul]

can some one explain the difference b/w cyclic and non cyclic cycles in photosynthesis ?

 

[hassam]

well in cyclic no photolysis....only at p produced......involves only ps1 .....no reduced nadp.....electron emitted from photosystem 1 ends up again in ps 1.....
in non-cyclic ...electron flow is linear....involves both ps2 and ps1......atp + nadph produced.....

 

[hassam]

Disadvantages of cross pollination..
when alleles are passed onto the wild when a weed cross pollinates with a crop plant which has been genetically modified... and hence herbicides are no longer effective on weeds coz they may have the resistant gene..

Smaller vessels can be used because products are continuously being harvested and nutrients are continuously being added..no down time and not harvested in batches..

bt how does all this tauuf relates to size of vessel.....i cnt make a connection

 

[confused_soul]

guys please help how will we conclude this : 10 (a) 1 nucleus in cell body ;
2 (long) dendron ; R plural
3 (shorter) axon ;
4 many mitochondria (in cell body) ;
5 many RER/nissl’s granules, (in cell body) ;
6 synaptic knobs ;
7 detail of synaptic knob ;
8 (terminal) dendrites ;
9 Schwann cells ;
10 detail of myelin sheath ;
11 nodes of Ranvier ;

 

[hassam]

Assalamoalaikum wr wb!!

Describe the main structural features of an ATP molecule.

1. a nucleotide ;​

2. with three phosphate groups ;​

3. an organic / nitrogenous base / adenine ;​

4. a pentose sugar / ribose ;​

5. ref. ester linkages / covalent bonds ;​

​

ATP is a nucleotide. It consists of adenine (an organic base) and ribose (a pentose sugar). This is combined with three phosphate groups to make ATP.​

​

What about the last ms point? How do I include it in my answer?

well......there is a phosphodiester linkage between ribose and the phosphate group.........
i read in your notes on bio sensor that the enzyme binds with any glucose in blood which is oxidised with dissolved oxygen from solution to form h2o2....as a result o2 conc. falls and this is measured by platinum electrodes which then genrates a electrical signal according to the amount by which o2 conc. dropped which in turn depends on glucose in blood...........no which SOLUTION is that from where OXYGEN is cuming?

 

[hassam]

guys please help how will we conclude this : 10 (a) 1 nucleus in cell body ;
2 (long) dendron ; R plural
3 (shorter) axon ;
4 many mitochondria (in cell body) ;
5 many RER/nissl’s granules, (in cell body) ;
6 synaptic knobs ;
7 detail of synaptic knob ;
8 (terminal) dendrites ;
9 Schwann cells ;
10 detail of myelin sheath ;
11 nodes of Ranvier ;

well as such u dont need a concluding sentence,......u cud write.......All these features enable the neuron to transmit action potential

 

[hassam]

why we wud want to test the ybridoma cells for crrect mAb production since we wud only have fused the plasmacells that arose on exposure to our antigen......or is it because that plasma cells other than ones for our antigen wud also have been extracted???

 

[confused_soul]

does any 1 know what is super ovulation ???

 

[saudha]

does any 1 know what is super ovulation ???

i think using FSH to produce may follicles.....specially for IVF

 

[hassam]

does any 1 know what is super ovulation ???

superovulation is maturation of more than one follicle at the same time....so multiple graafian follicles develop inside ovary

 

[confused_soul]

ufff no words to help u how nice you are, bless you !! jazak Allah

 

[hassam]

somebody please telll me how the hell GM CROPS can reduce biodiversity

 

[histephenson007]

somebody please telll me how the hell GM CROPS can reduce biodiversity

maybe because since it's advantageous over natural crops for the farmers, all the farmers start using it, so the alleles of the natural crops are lost

 

[hassam]

hmm seem reasnable

 

[hassam]

i never saw any question on seed banks.....and knw nothing at them.......do u have any idea on wahts their purpose

 

[histephenson007]

hmm seem reasnable

hopefully its just one point, RIGHT?

 

[histephenson007]

why we wud want to test the ybridoma cells for crrect mAb production since we wud only have fused the plasmacells that arose on exposure to our antigen......or is it because that plasma cells other than ones for our antigen wud also have been extracted???

I think it is to identify if the cancer cells have fused with the plasma cells or not. If the cell doesn't produce mAb, it hasn't fused with a plasma cell. So it is just a cancer cell and poses risks to the future person using the mAb.

 

[histephenson007]

I think it is to identify if the cancer cells have fused with the plasma cells or not. If the cell doesn't produce mAb, it hasn't fused with a plasma cell. So it is just a cancer cell and poses risks to the future person using the mAb.

Also, the cancer cells which don't produce mAb aren't cost effective. They would just form a tumour that would take up nutrients given but wouldn't produce yield.