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How successful was Hzt Ali in responding to these problems?
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Lets wrap up Islamiat Paper: you have doubts post them and get the solutions
- Thread starter Irfan Atique
- Start date
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(b) If Muslims have the Quran, why do they need the Hadith?
(a) Describe the Muslim victories under Abu Bakr and Umar. [10]
(b) Why do you think the Muslims were successful in these victories?
(a) How was Uthman elected? [10]
(b) What difficulties did he encounter during his Caliphate? [10]
(b) Assess Abu Bakr’s contribution to the survival of Islam in the period 632–634.
(a) Why did Mu‘awiya refuse to accept Ali as caliph?
(b) What happened as a result of this disagreement between them?
(a) Describe the Muslim victories under Abu Bakr and Umar. [10]
(b) Why do you think the Muslims were successful in these victories?
(a) How was Uthman elected? [10]
(b) What difficulties did he encounter during his Caliphate? [10]
(b) Assess Abu Bakr’s contribution to the survival of Islam in the period 632–634.
(a) Why did Mu‘awiya refuse to accept Ali as caliph?
(b) What happened as a result of this disagreement between them?
PLZ sir answer all theseee......plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz!
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I am also waiting for the answers sir .. just highlight the things we have to write dont write full answer as it takes time
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sir irfan lives in america, and so you should we aware of the time difference between Pakistan and America
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sir could you please check these questions for me and tell me how to get 10/10 for each question if I haven't scored 10/10
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he will reply u at night i guess
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yeah well what do you think?
- Messages
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b) Muslim victories : i am writing a glimpse of the entire victories during Hazrat Abu Bakar's reign.....you get the ones you needed ok....
The situation that Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) faced on assuming the caliphate was very grim. Many tribes apostatized from Islam and refused to pay Zakat. Many false prophets rose throughout the length and breadth of Arabia, and many people offered allegiance to them. The argument that weighed with them was that a living prophet was to be preferred to one who was dead.
Usamah’s Expedition:
Immediately before death, the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) had ordered that an expedition should be sent to Syria under command of Hazrat Usamah (R.A), the son of the Muslim commander Hazrat Zaid (R.A) who had been martyred in the battle of Mautah in 629 C.E. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) was advised that as Madina was by hostile tribes, the expedition should be abandoned. He repudiated the suggestion and said that he could withhold the expedition that the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) had ordered to proceed. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) was next asked that if the expedition was to be necessarily undertaken, the command should be entrusted to some veteran General instead of Hazrat Usamah (R.A) who was a mere boy. But Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) said that the Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) had appointed Usamah to the command, he could not as a representative of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) countermand such orders. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) accordingly sent the force under Hazrat Usamah to the Syrian front.
Confrontation with the tribes:
After Hazrat Usamah (R.A)’s army had left for the Syrian front, the tribes around Madina sent a deputation to wait on Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A). The tribes said that they were prepared to owe allegiance to Islam, but they were not prepared to pay Zakat. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) was advised that in view of the circumstances on the ground, the terms of the tribes should be accepted. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) held that as the payment of Zakat was a compulsory obligation under Islam, he had no authority to allow any relaxation. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) remained firm and told the tribes that if they withheld with regard to Zakat, even as much as string to tie a camel, he would fight against them for the vindication of the injunctions of Islam. Thus rebuffed recalcitrant tribes marched to Madina one night and launched the attack and these tribes met some initial success but the Muslims under the command of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) rallied and in a counter attack repulsed the tribes.
Battles of Dhu Qissa and Abraq:
Tribes gathered at the Dhu Qissa at some distance to Madina. Then Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) marched to Dhu Qissa as the head of Muslim forced launched the battle against the tribes. After some resistance the broke rank and retreaded to Abraq.
When the main Muslim army under the command of Hazrat Usamah (R.A) returned from the Syrian front after completing its job, Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) marched as the head of a large Muslim force and proceeded to Abraq. The tribes were routed, and their lands were confiscated by the Muslims.
Campaigns against the apostates:
After the battle of Abraq, Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) decided to take military action against the apostate tribes and he divided the Muslim force into eleven crops each under its own commander. These crops were to operate in various parts of the country. The commanders were instructed that before taking any action against an apostate tribe it should be called upon to return to Islam, and a punitive action should be taken if and if they refused to do so. If the call of "Adhan" rose from the quarters of tribes will indicate the tribe’s return to Islam.
The Battle of Buzakha
Banu Asad tribe held the region to the north of Madina. They were led by Taleaha, a false prophet. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) commissioned a column under Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed to lead the campaign against Taleaha. These two armies met at Buzakha, where after some hard fighting the Banu Asad was defeated. Taleaha escaped to Syria, and most of his followers submitted, and accepted Islam.
The Battle of Zafar:
After the battle of Buzakha some of the followers of Taleaha took refugee with Salma alias Umm Zummal, a firebrand woman leader of Bani Fazara. Salma mustered a considerable force at Zafar. From Buzakha Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed marched to Zafar. There was some hard fighting, but ultimately Salma was killed, and with her death the apostate tribes offered submission and were readmitted to the fold of Islam
The Battle of Naqra:
Bani Suleim had their concentration ar Naqra. After the battles of Buzakha and Zafar, the Muslim force under Hazrat Khalid Bin Walid (R.A) launched the attack against Bani Suaim at Naqra, the Bani Sulaim were defeated and their leader Abu Shajra was captured alive and sent to Madina where he accepted Islam.
Campaign against Bani Tamim:
After reducing the tribes tensions in North, Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed marched against the Bani Tamim who lived in a Plateau bordering the Persian Gulf. When the Muslim forces reached Butaha the Head Quarter of Bani Tamim, there was no force against Muslims, and neither they forward to offer their submission nor they come forward to oppose the Muslims. During night Malik, Chief of Bani Tamim was killed mysteriously. As Malik was killed entire tribe surrendered and Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) married with the beautiful widow of Malik, Laila.
This campaign led to considerable scandal. Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) was charged of murdering a Muslim (Malik), summoned to Madina and put to explanation. Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) defend was if according to Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), He was the Sword of Allah, how could such sword fall on the neck of a Muslim? Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) freed him from the charge and commissioned him to lead a force against a false prophet Musailma in Yamama valley.
Campaign against Musailma, the Liar and Battle of Gardens of Bloods:
Among all the false prophets who rose in Arabia after the death of Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H), the most notorious was Musailma who laid the Banu Hanifa in Yamama. Musailma further gained in strength when he made common cause with Sajjah a lady who claimed to be a prophetess and married her. Before that two Muslim forces have already fought with him but defeated. So Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed fought bravely against Musailma and due to an increase in pressure Musailma lost his nerves and retreated to a neighboring fortified garden.
With the withdrawal of Musailma his army lost the will to fight, and they too found safety in seeking refuge in the garden. Muslim Army broke the gates and Banu Hanifa were cut to pieces in a large numbers and the garden was virtually drenched with blood. So bloody was “Battle of Garden” that the Arab annals it came to be known as “The Battle of the Gardens of Death”. When Musailma fell dead, the Banu Hanifa surrendered and re-admitted in the Islam.
Campaign in Oman/Battle of Daba:
In Oman, a false prophet Laquit bin Malik rose to prominence and captured political power. A Muslim force under Hazrat Hudaifah (R.A) was sent to Oman and in the battle of Daba, Laquit and ten thousand of his followers were killed. The Oman forces surrendered, and the people of Oman were reconverted to Islam.
Campaign in Mahrah:
In Mahrah the people apostatized, but instead of fighting against the Muslims they began to fight among themselves for political power. The Muslims allied themselves with the minority section and fought against majority section which was led by Al-Musabbah. Al-Musabbah was defeated and after that people of Mahrah recovered to Islam.
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
victories cont:.......
Campaign in Oman/Battle of Daba:
In Oman, a false prophet Laquit bin Malik rose to prominence and captured political power. A Muslim force under Hazrat Hudaifah (R.A) was sent to Oman and in the battle of Daba, Laquit and ten thousand of his followers were killed. The Oman forces surrendered, and the people of Oman were reconverted to Islam.
Campaign in Mahrah:
In Mahrah the people apostatized, but instead of fighting against the Muslims they began to fight among themselves for political power. The Muslims allied themselves with the minority section and fought against majority section which was led by Al-Musabbah. Al-Musabbah was defeated and after that people of Mahrah recovered to Islam.[/quote]
Campaign in Yemen:
In Yemen, a false prophet Aswad Ansi came to power and won a considerable following. Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) ordered a two pronged attack on Yemen. Hazrat Ikramah (R.A) marched with a force from Mahrah to Yemen. Hazrat Muhajir bin Umayya marched with another force from Makkah to Yemen. In the battle that followed by a apostate tribes were over-powered, and were reconverted to Islam after Aswad Ansi had been killed.
Campaign in Hadramaut:
In Hadramaut there was a revolt led by Ash’as. When the Muslim forces marched against Ash’as he shut himself in the fort at Nujeir. The fort was carried by the Muslims by assault. Thereafter Ash’as and his people repented and were readmitted to the Islam.
End of the apostasy Campaigns:
The apostasy campaign began in August 632 C.E., and these operations were over by February 633 C.E. Within the short space of six months, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) succeeded in exterminating apostasy and winning back all the tribes in Arabia to the fold of Islam.
The Battle of Kazima:
In March 633 C.E., a Muslim column under Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed (R.A) marched to Iraq and started operations in the region of Uballa on the Persian Gulf. The two forces met at kazima, in opening duel, Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed Killed the Persian commander Hormuz. The Muslims launched the attack which was withstood by the chain-linked Persian infantry. The Muslims increased the pressure and the Persians were forced to fall back. The Persians found their chains to be death trap and as they retreated held together in chains they were slaughtered in thousands. The battle of chains at Kazima unchained the gate of Iraq for the Muslims.
The Battle of Mazar:
The next confrontation with the Persians took place at Mazar on Tigris. The Persians forces were led by three Generals Qarin, Qabaz and Anushjan. All the three Generals died in fighting against Muslims and they were defeated badly with a death toll exceeding 30,000.
The Battle of Walaja:
The next encounter took place at Walaja. The Persian forces were led by Andarzaghar. The battle began with the a duel in which Hazrat Khalid (R.A) killed his adversary. The Persians gained some initial success, but the bulk of their army was annihilated.
The Battle of Ulleis:
The nest battle took place at ulleis ten miles from Walaja. It was a bloody battle in which over 70,000 Persians perished. So large were the killings that the river on the bank whereof the battle was fought virtually became a river of blood.
Conquest of Hirah:
From Ulleis the Muslim forces marched to Hirah. There was Persian force to resist Muslims. The citizerns of Hirah surrendered and agreed to pay “Jizya” to the Muslims.
The Battle of Anbar:
Towards the close of June 633 C.E. Hazrat Khalid marched with his army to Anbar. Here after a little resistance Persian army surrendered and agreed to Jizya.
The Battle of Ein-at-Tamr:
From Anbar the Muslim forces proceeded to Ain-at-Tamr. Here the Christian Arabs led by their chief Aqqa offered resistance. Aqqa was taken captive, and the citizens of Ein-at-Tamr offered submission on the usual terms.
The Battle of Daumatul Jandal:
When Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed began his operastions in southern Iraq, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) sent another column under Hazrat Iyaz bin Ghanam to operate in Daumatul Jandal sector. But Hazrat Iyaz failed to capture ans at the last resort he wrote Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed for help. Then Hazrat Khalid Marched towards Daumatul Jandal in it fell in August 633 A.D.
The Battle of Firaz:
In December 633 A.D., Hazrat Khalid occupied Firaz at the outer most edge of Persian Empire in the Euphrates valley. By the end of 633 A.D., the Muslims were masters of Euphrates valley in Iraq.
Defeat of Khalid Bin Saeed:
During the active operations in Iraq, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) stationed a garrison at Tayma to the east of Tabuk to protect the borders against any attack by Syrian. But here Hazrat Khalid bin Saeed suffered with a serious defeat.
Call of Jihad on Syrian Front:
In February 634 A.D., Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) issued a call for Jihad on the Syrian front. By March 634, a large force mustered at Madina ready to march to Syria. These warriors were formed into four corps of 7000 men each and sent to Syria under the command of Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (R.A).
Khalid Bin Waleed’s March from Iraq to Syria:
The Byzantine emperor Heraclius planned action on a large scale. He mustered forces of Ajnadein numbering over lac. The four small Muslim corps that were operating in Syria were no match for the large concentration of the Byzantine forces. Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) ordered Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) to march from Iraq to Syria and over the chief command on Syrian front.
The Battle of Busra:
The first encounter of Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) with the Byzantine army took place at Busra in July 634 C E. It was a hardly contested battle which was ultimately won by the Muslims.
Siege of Damascus:
From Busra, Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed marched towards northward to Damascus. The Byzantine emperor Hercalius garrisoned all forts in Syria and ordered a huge concentration of forces in the south at Ajnadein. The situation was critical for Muslims. If they pressed the siege of Damascus the danger was that the Byzantine army from Ajnadein might attack the Muslim army from the rear. The Muslims accordingly raised the siege of Damascus, and marched to Ajnadein.
The Battle of Ajnadein:
The total strength of Muslim forces assembled at Ajnadein was about 40,000, while the strength of the Byzantine forces was over one lac. It was hardly contested battle in which the Muslims won an astounding victory. As many as 50,000 Byzantine soldiers were killed while only 450 Muslims were martyred.
Damasus Again:
After winning the battle of Ajnadein, the Muslims marched to Damascus of Muslims. There was a confrontation at Yaqusa on the Yermuk in which the Byzantines were defeated and Muslims pushed forward to Damasus. There was another confrontation Marjus Saffar, 12 miles from Damascus. Here again the Byzantines were defeated and the siege of Damasus began on 21st August 634 C.E., and on 23rd August, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) was dead. Before his death Abu Bakr nominated Hazrat umar at his successor.
Campaign in Oman/Battle of Daba:
In Oman, a false prophet Laquit bin Malik rose to prominence and captured political power. A Muslim force under Hazrat Hudaifah (R.A) was sent to Oman and in the battle of Daba, Laquit and ten thousand of his followers were killed. The Oman forces surrendered, and the people of Oman were reconverted to Islam.
Campaign in Mahrah:
In Mahrah the people apostatized, but instead of fighting against the Muslims they began to fight among themselves for political power. The Muslims allied themselves with the minority section and fought against majority section which was led by Al-Musabbah. Al-Musabbah was defeated and after that people of Mahrah recovered to Islam.[/quote]
Campaign in Yemen:
In Yemen, a false prophet Aswad Ansi came to power and won a considerable following. Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) ordered a two pronged attack on Yemen. Hazrat Ikramah (R.A) marched with a force from Mahrah to Yemen. Hazrat Muhajir bin Umayya marched with another force from Makkah to Yemen. In the battle that followed by a apostate tribes were over-powered, and were reconverted to Islam after Aswad Ansi had been killed.
Campaign in Hadramaut:
In Hadramaut there was a revolt led by Ash’as. When the Muslim forces marched against Ash’as he shut himself in the fort at Nujeir. The fort was carried by the Muslims by assault. Thereafter Ash’as and his people repented and were readmitted to the Islam.
End of the apostasy Campaigns:
The apostasy campaign began in August 632 C.E., and these operations were over by February 633 C.E. Within the short space of six months, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) succeeded in exterminating apostasy and winning back all the tribes in Arabia to the fold of Islam.
The Battle of Kazima:
In March 633 C.E., a Muslim column under Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed (R.A) marched to Iraq and started operations in the region of Uballa on the Persian Gulf. The two forces met at kazima, in opening duel, Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed Killed the Persian commander Hormuz. The Muslims launched the attack which was withstood by the chain-linked Persian infantry. The Muslims increased the pressure and the Persians were forced to fall back. The Persians found their chains to be death trap and as they retreated held together in chains they were slaughtered in thousands. The battle of chains at Kazima unchained the gate of Iraq for the Muslims.
The Battle of Mazar:
The next confrontation with the Persians took place at Mazar on Tigris. The Persians forces were led by three Generals Qarin, Qabaz and Anushjan. All the three Generals died in fighting against Muslims and they were defeated badly with a death toll exceeding 30,000.
The Battle of Walaja:
The next encounter took place at Walaja. The Persian forces were led by Andarzaghar. The battle began with the a duel in which Hazrat Khalid (R.A) killed his adversary. The Persians gained some initial success, but the bulk of their army was annihilated.
The Battle of Ulleis:
The nest battle took place at ulleis ten miles from Walaja. It was a bloody battle in which over 70,000 Persians perished. So large were the killings that the river on the bank whereof the battle was fought virtually became a river of blood.
Conquest of Hirah:
From Ulleis the Muslim forces marched to Hirah. There was Persian force to resist Muslims. The citizerns of Hirah surrendered and agreed to pay “Jizya” to the Muslims.
The Battle of Anbar:
Towards the close of June 633 C.E. Hazrat Khalid marched with his army to Anbar. Here after a little resistance Persian army surrendered and agreed to Jizya.
The Battle of Ein-at-Tamr:
From Anbar the Muslim forces proceeded to Ain-at-Tamr. Here the Christian Arabs led by their chief Aqqa offered resistance. Aqqa was taken captive, and the citizens of Ein-at-Tamr offered submission on the usual terms.
The Battle of Daumatul Jandal:
When Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed began his operastions in southern Iraq, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) sent another column under Hazrat Iyaz bin Ghanam to operate in Daumatul Jandal sector. But Hazrat Iyaz failed to capture ans at the last resort he wrote Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed for help. Then Hazrat Khalid Marched towards Daumatul Jandal in it fell in August 633 A.D.
The Battle of Firaz:
In December 633 A.D., Hazrat Khalid occupied Firaz at the outer most edge of Persian Empire in the Euphrates valley. By the end of 633 A.D., the Muslims were masters of Euphrates valley in Iraq.
Defeat of Khalid Bin Saeed:
During the active operations in Iraq, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) stationed a garrison at Tayma to the east of Tabuk to protect the borders against any attack by Syrian. But here Hazrat Khalid bin Saeed suffered with a serious defeat.
Call of Jihad on Syrian Front:
In February 634 A.D., Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) issued a call for Jihad on the Syrian front. By March 634, a large force mustered at Madina ready to march to Syria. These warriors were formed into four corps of 7000 men each and sent to Syria under the command of Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (R.A).
Khalid Bin Waleed’s March from Iraq to Syria:
The Byzantine emperor Heraclius planned action on a large scale. He mustered forces of Ajnadein numbering over lac. The four small Muslim corps that were operating in Syria were no match for the large concentration of the Byzantine forces. Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) ordered Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) to march from Iraq to Syria and over the chief command on Syrian front.
The Battle of Busra:
The first encounter of Khalid bin Waleed (R.A) with the Byzantine army took place at Busra in July 634 C E. It was a hardly contested battle which was ultimately won by the Muslims.
Siege of Damascus:
From Busra, Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed marched towards northward to Damascus. The Byzantine emperor Hercalius garrisoned all forts in Syria and ordered a huge concentration of forces in the south at Ajnadein. The situation was critical for Muslims. If they pressed the siege of Damascus the danger was that the Byzantine army from Ajnadein might attack the Muslim army from the rear. The Muslims accordingly raised the siege of Damascus, and marched to Ajnadein.
The Battle of Ajnadein:
The total strength of Muslim forces assembled at Ajnadein was about 40,000, while the strength of the Byzantine forces was over one lac. It was hardly contested battle in which the Muslims won an astounding victory. As many as 50,000 Byzantine soldiers were killed while only 450 Muslims were martyred.
Damasus Again:
After winning the battle of Ajnadein, the Muslims marched to Damascus of Muslims. There was a confrontation at Yaqusa on the Yermuk in which the Byzantines were defeated and Muslims pushed forward to Damasus. There was another confrontation Marjus Saffar, 12 miles from Damascus. Here again the Byzantines were defeated and the siege of Damasus began on 21st August 634 C.E., and on 23rd August, Hazrat Abu Bakr Sadeeq (R.A) was dead. Before his death Abu Bakr nominated Hazrat umar at his successor.
- Messages
- 3,202
- Reaction score
- 8,019
- Points
- 523
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
(b) If Muslims have the Quran, why do they need the Hadith?
Quranic principles and values were concretized and interpreted by the second and complementary source of law, the Sunna of the Prophet (S.A.W), the normative model behavior of Muhammad (S.A.W). The importance of the Sunna is rooted in such Quranic injunctions as "obey God and obey the Messenger... If you should quarrel over anything refer it to God and the Messenger" (4:59) and "In God's messenger you have a fine model for anyone whose hope is in God and the Last Day" (33:21). Belief that Muhammad (S.A.W) was inspired by God to act wisely, in accordance with God's will, led to the acceptance of his example, or Sunna, as supplement to the Quran, and thus, a material or textual source of the law.the hadith's central importance rests on the fact that it forms the basis for Islamic law.As The Prophet (S.A.W) said: “I leave behind me two things. You will never go astray if you hold fast to them: The Qur'an and my Sunnah.” (Bukhari)The Quranic injection in some time implicit the Sunnah makes it explicit by providing essential ingredients and details. like ALLAH says in the Holy Quran “……..establish prayer and pay charity……”(22:41) here the QURAN does not explains how frequently a person could pray or what is the method of praying , for charity again QURAN does not explain the rate of the zakat or how many time year a person should pay charity. ALL this was explained by the Sunnah of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) as the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) said “pray as you seen me performing prayer” (Sahih AL- BUKHARI).
Question: How Usman was elected?
Answer: Umar nominated Ali, Talha, Zubair, Usman, Abur Rehman bin Auf and Saad bin AbiWaqqas. All were one of the 10 blessed companions. Umar’s choice was Abdur Rehman but he was not willing to shoulder the responsibility. Talha was not in Meidna so the choice was now restricted to the remaining four. It was decided that as Abdur Rehman had stepped down, therefore he should choose the next Caliph. He consulted each one individually; Ali chose Usman and Usman chose Ali, Saad supported Usman while Zubair mentioned both Usman and Ali. He asked the opinion of the other prominent men as well and came to the conclusion that the majority favoured Usman. Abdur Rehman first took the pledge of allegiance followed by Ali and other companions and there was a general pledge. He became the third Caliph on the 4th Muharram 24 A.H.
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
(b) What difficulties did he encounter during his Caliphate? [10]
Question: What were the difficulties faced by Usman in the last days of his Caliphate?
Answer: During the last years of his Caliphate, he faced serious difficulties that eventually led to his martyrdom in 35 A.H. One of the main allegations against him was that he had appointed his inefficient relatives as governors. There were 12 provinces in the country and he appointed his relatives in 4: Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra. All the governors appointed by him were people of great caliber. AmeerMuaviya, a relative of his was appointed by Umar as the governor of Syria and Usman let him continue his job because he was doing it well. Abdullah bin Saad, his foster brother, was appointed governor of Egypt also by Umar. Usman appointed Saad bin Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa. When he was unable to control the situation there, he was replaced by Waleed bin Uqba (Usman’s foster brother) who proved his worth. Abu Musa Ashari was deposed at the demand of people of Basra, was replaced by Abdullah bin Amir (Usman’s cousin) according to the wishes of the people. He proved very successful thus none of the governors appointed by him proved a failure. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did not keep a check on his governors. He, unlike Umar, gave the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did not interfere in there day to day affairs. His burning of the Quran was seen by some as destroying God’s Word. This was done after consultation with the other companions and it was a great service that he rendered to Islam. He gave convincing reply to each of the charges in the presence of the Prophet’s companions. His explanation was accepted. He was a very gentle and soft hearted person. The people who wanted to create chaos among Muslims took advantage of his soft nature. Umar was a very strict administer and the machinery of the government worked smoothly in his time. Usman used to overlook the minor faults of the appointed Amils, provincial heads as well as the new converts. They took an advantage of his leniency and rebelled against him. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, embarked on a subtle campaign of creating dissension (conflict) among the Muslims. He and his followers established their headquarters in Egypt and began to circulate forged letters that complaints against the Caliph, his governors and other state officials. Efforts were made to highlight the long forgotten rivalry between BanuHashim and BanuUmayya.
Usman did not take timely action against him. Even some of the noblest actions of his were mis-projected before the public; for example, the standardization of the Quran and the expansion of the compound of the Kaabah. The uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and Egypt finally in 35 A.H troops from all three provinces and arrived at Medina to take their complaints directly to the caliph. Usman had pacified them and they were on their way home when they got hold of a letter supposedly from ‘Usman to the governor of Egypt to have the leaders of the group put to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him.
- Messages
- 143
- Reaction score
- 74
- Points
- 28
sir did u check my questions
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
Dear I haven't slept for about 36 hours.... coz we are having Annual meeting session of American education research association and I have to give the opening Address to the entire researchers who are here in Washington from all over the world.... so give me a some time now i have at least 3 hours free i will do my best for all of you
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
(b) Assess Abu Bakr’s contribution to the survival of Islam in the period 632–634? Prophet (S.A.W) did not nominate a successor. After his death there was an argument between the ansar and mahajireen. Both wanted that the caliph should be from their group. A suggestion was given that there should be two caliphs, one from each group. Abu Bakr reminded them that the prophet instructed that the leader should be from the Quraish tribe. He suggested the names of Ubu Ubaidah bin Jarrah and Umar bin Khataab. But Umar took Abu Bakr’s hand and pledged his loyalty to him. On seeing this everyone did the same. He was unanimously elected the first Caliph. After the election, Abu Bakr delivered a concise speech which in a summarised manner expressed the way in which he desired to govern. He said:
“I have been elected as your Ameer, although I am no better than you. Help me, if I am in the right, set me right if I go in the wrong, obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W).”
The Prophet (S.A.W) before his death had appointed Usamah bin Zaid (R.A) to lead an expedition against Syrians (Byzantians) in order to avenge the death of his father Hazrat Zaid bin Haris (R.A) in the battle of Mutah. When Usamah was about to leave, the news of the demise of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) came and departure of the army was postponed. This last expedition of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was fulfilled by Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) as his first task after becoming the first caliph. Usamah left for Syria and only after 40 days returned to Madinah with a great victory.
The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a greatest of the moral courage of Abu Bakr as the first Caliph of the Holy Prophet. After the demise of the Holy Prophet many surrounding tribes of Medina which had offered allegiance to Islam, sent a deputation to Abu Bakr with the proposal that their agreement with the Muslims had ended. A fresh agreement was necessary in which they should be relieved from the obligation to pay Zakat. Abu Bakr argued that Zakat was a fundamental injunction of Islam and had to be paid. Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to forego Islam. Their decision was to attack Medina when the main Muslim army was in Syria. They attacked at night but found Abu Bakr with his army ready to fight. The apostates were defeated; many tribesmen died while others fled in confusion. After this battle many tribes sent their delegates to Medina, offered allegiance and paid Zakat.
After the Prophet’s death, some of the people rose in revolt against the authorities in Medina and renounced Islam. Abu Bakr, without any delay, launched an expedition against this movement. After collecting the troops at Medina, he divided them into eleven battalions each with an experienced commander, and sent them in eleven different directions to crush these revolts. He instructed each commander to first invite these tribes to Islam. If any refused to comply they were to be attacked. Some of the tribes accepted Islam but the others were stubborn and were dealt with harshly. All campaigns were successful and Abu Bakr was able to re-establish control of Islam throughout the Peninsula.
In the last days of the Prophet’s life some misguided people arose to claim prophet hood. When Abu Bakr was elected as the Caliph they started their preaching openly. Among these false prophets were Tulaiha, Aswad Ansi, Musailamah and Sajjah. Tulaiha belonged to the Banu Asad tribe in the northern Arabia. An army under Khalid bin Walid was sent which met them at Buzaka. After a fierce battle Tulaiha’s army surrendered and he himself fled to Syria. He embraced Islam during the time of the second Caliph.
Aswad Ansi belonged to the Ansi tribe in Yemen. He was an ugly man who kept his face veiled all the time. He was nicknamed ‘’the veiled prophet’’. Being leader of his tribe he revolted with the cooperation of the neighbouring chiefs. He was the first false prophet who collected a large army in open revolt against Islam. He was defeated and killed by the Muslims.
The most dangerous of the false prophets was Musalima. He belonged to a tribe of central Arabia. His tribe accepted him as a prophet. Abu Bakr sent Shurbhil and Ikramah to crush the rebellion; later Khalid bin Walid joined them. Musalima,s army was defeated after a fierce battle at Yamamah in 633AD.Musalimah was killed. In this battle about 800 Muslims were martyred. Amongst them were 360 Huffaz (memorizers of the Holy Qur’an).
Sajjah was a woman who belonged to the Bani Tamim tribe. She claimed to be a prophetess and succeeded in mustering a large following. When Musalimah heard about her claim he invited her to Yamamah. They decided to join forces and later Musailma married her which ended her adventure of prophet hood and she lived in obscurity for the rest of her life. When the Muslims conquered Iraq she entered the circle of Islam along with her tribe.
The Arabian Peninsula was surrounded by the two great empires of that time on its north eastern side was the border of Persian Empire (Sassanid) while the northern part of the peninsula was bordered by the Byzantine Empire. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) readily took action against the Persians who had proved to be perilous to the newly established faith. The Muslim Army to achieve this purpose fought several battles such as the battle of Kazimah in 633 A.D against Hurmos. The Muslim army under the leadership of Khalid bin Waleed defeated the Persians and Hormos was killed. Hira was also conquered by Khalid bin Waleed after which most of the Iraq came under Muslim rule. The Persians at Anbar surrendered to Muslim army and agreed to pay Jizya. Anbar also came under Muslim rule.
Abu Bakr (R.A) also organized the Muslims to fight against the Byzantines who were the most powerful enemies of Islam. Muslims were successful in both the battles of Basra in 634 A.D and in the battle if Ajnadein and Damascus was also besieged.
In the battle of Yamamah several Huffaz laid down their lives. Hazrat Umar approached Hazrat Abu Bakr about the compilation of the Holy Qur’ran. He was of the opinion that soon the preservation of the Qur’an will become a major problem owing to the deaths of the Huffaz. Abu Bakr did not agree in the beginning but was later convinced by Umar and he ordered the compilation of the Holy Book under the supervision of Zaid bin Sabit.
Abu Bakr was able to lay down the foundation of a comprehensive administrative setup in the conquered territories. Abu Bakr inherited a Muslim empire of a mediocre size from Holy Prophet (S.A.W). It consisted of almost the whole of Arabian Peninsula. The capital being Madina, the Muslim empire consisted of a number of provinces: Madina, Maka, Taif, Yamen, Najran, Hadramawt, Bahrayn, and Dumatul-Jandal. All these provinces had become completely trouble free and peaceful as a result off the firm administrative grip of Abu Bakr. He did not change any of the governors appointed by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). He laid the foundation of a truly democratic state. He set up the ‘Shoora’ (Advisory council) consisting of senior companions and always took advice from the great companions of the Prophet in all important matters.
Abu Bakr exercised special care for the Judiciary by appointing extremely competent and honest judges in the provinces. It is to be noted that in that period of Islamic history, the Caliph combined in himself all the religious and temporal duties. The caliph was the Chief executive, Commander-in Chief, often led the daily prayers and, above all was the chief justice of Islamic republic. He would appoint a number of sub-judges in various provinces to dispense justice. Abu Bakr had appointed Umar (R.A) and Ali (R.A) as judges in Madina, besides this Abu Bakr established department of the Muftees (Islamic Jurists) who were assigned the task of solving various problems in the light of the Quran and Sunnah.
Abu Bakr also introduced reforms in the military affairs. Since the time of the Prophet (S.A.W) no regular army was kept and this tradition was maintained by Abu Bakr. He would, however, divided the army into a number of battalions while dispatching it to strategic areas. Each battalion was headed by a commander.
Ab Bakr was also credited with laying the foundation of Bait-al Mal (state treasury) which became fully operational during the Caliphate of Umar (R.A). Major sources of revenue under Abu Bakr were: Zakah, Ushr, Jizya and booty (Anfal)
“I have been elected as your Ameer, although I am no better than you. Help me, if I am in the right, set me right if I go in the wrong, obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W).”
The Prophet (S.A.W) before his death had appointed Usamah bin Zaid (R.A) to lead an expedition against Syrians (Byzantians) in order to avenge the death of his father Hazrat Zaid bin Haris (R.A) in the battle of Mutah. When Usamah was about to leave, the news of the demise of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) came and departure of the army was postponed. This last expedition of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was fulfilled by Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) as his first task after becoming the first caliph. Usamah left for Syria and only after 40 days returned to Madinah with a great victory.
The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a greatest of the moral courage of Abu Bakr as the first Caliph of the Holy Prophet. After the demise of the Holy Prophet many surrounding tribes of Medina which had offered allegiance to Islam, sent a deputation to Abu Bakr with the proposal that their agreement with the Muslims had ended. A fresh agreement was necessary in which they should be relieved from the obligation to pay Zakat. Abu Bakr argued that Zakat was a fundamental injunction of Islam and had to be paid. Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to forego Islam. Their decision was to attack Medina when the main Muslim army was in Syria. They attacked at night but found Abu Bakr with his army ready to fight. The apostates were defeated; many tribesmen died while others fled in confusion. After this battle many tribes sent their delegates to Medina, offered allegiance and paid Zakat.
After the Prophet’s death, some of the people rose in revolt against the authorities in Medina and renounced Islam. Abu Bakr, without any delay, launched an expedition against this movement. After collecting the troops at Medina, he divided them into eleven battalions each with an experienced commander, and sent them in eleven different directions to crush these revolts. He instructed each commander to first invite these tribes to Islam. If any refused to comply they were to be attacked. Some of the tribes accepted Islam but the others were stubborn and were dealt with harshly. All campaigns were successful and Abu Bakr was able to re-establish control of Islam throughout the Peninsula.
In the last days of the Prophet’s life some misguided people arose to claim prophet hood. When Abu Bakr was elected as the Caliph they started their preaching openly. Among these false prophets were Tulaiha, Aswad Ansi, Musailamah and Sajjah. Tulaiha belonged to the Banu Asad tribe in the northern Arabia. An army under Khalid bin Walid was sent which met them at Buzaka. After a fierce battle Tulaiha’s army surrendered and he himself fled to Syria. He embraced Islam during the time of the second Caliph.
Aswad Ansi belonged to the Ansi tribe in Yemen. He was an ugly man who kept his face veiled all the time. He was nicknamed ‘’the veiled prophet’’. Being leader of his tribe he revolted with the cooperation of the neighbouring chiefs. He was the first false prophet who collected a large army in open revolt against Islam. He was defeated and killed by the Muslims.
The most dangerous of the false prophets was Musalima. He belonged to a tribe of central Arabia. His tribe accepted him as a prophet. Abu Bakr sent Shurbhil and Ikramah to crush the rebellion; later Khalid bin Walid joined them. Musalima,s army was defeated after a fierce battle at Yamamah in 633AD.Musalimah was killed. In this battle about 800 Muslims were martyred. Amongst them were 360 Huffaz (memorizers of the Holy Qur’an).
Sajjah was a woman who belonged to the Bani Tamim tribe. She claimed to be a prophetess and succeeded in mustering a large following. When Musalimah heard about her claim he invited her to Yamamah. They decided to join forces and later Musailma married her which ended her adventure of prophet hood and she lived in obscurity for the rest of her life. When the Muslims conquered Iraq she entered the circle of Islam along with her tribe.
The Arabian Peninsula was surrounded by the two great empires of that time on its north eastern side was the border of Persian Empire (Sassanid) while the northern part of the peninsula was bordered by the Byzantine Empire. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) readily took action against the Persians who had proved to be perilous to the newly established faith. The Muslim Army to achieve this purpose fought several battles such as the battle of Kazimah in 633 A.D against Hurmos. The Muslim army under the leadership of Khalid bin Waleed defeated the Persians and Hormos was killed. Hira was also conquered by Khalid bin Waleed after which most of the Iraq came under Muslim rule. The Persians at Anbar surrendered to Muslim army and agreed to pay Jizya. Anbar also came under Muslim rule.
Abu Bakr (R.A) also organized the Muslims to fight against the Byzantines who were the most powerful enemies of Islam. Muslims were successful in both the battles of Basra in 634 A.D and in the battle if Ajnadein and Damascus was also besieged.
In the battle of Yamamah several Huffaz laid down their lives. Hazrat Umar approached Hazrat Abu Bakr about the compilation of the Holy Qur’ran. He was of the opinion that soon the preservation of the Qur’an will become a major problem owing to the deaths of the Huffaz. Abu Bakr did not agree in the beginning but was later convinced by Umar and he ordered the compilation of the Holy Book under the supervision of Zaid bin Sabit.
Abu Bakr was able to lay down the foundation of a comprehensive administrative setup in the conquered territories. Abu Bakr inherited a Muslim empire of a mediocre size from Holy Prophet (S.A.W). It consisted of almost the whole of Arabian Peninsula. The capital being Madina, the Muslim empire consisted of a number of provinces: Madina, Maka, Taif, Yamen, Najran, Hadramawt, Bahrayn, and Dumatul-Jandal. All these provinces had become completely trouble free and peaceful as a result off the firm administrative grip of Abu Bakr. He did not change any of the governors appointed by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). He laid the foundation of a truly democratic state. He set up the ‘Shoora’ (Advisory council) consisting of senior companions and always took advice from the great companions of the Prophet in all important matters.
Abu Bakr exercised special care for the Judiciary by appointing extremely competent and honest judges in the provinces. It is to be noted that in that period of Islamic history, the Caliph combined in himself all the religious and temporal duties. The caliph was the Chief executive, Commander-in Chief, often led the daily prayers and, above all was the chief justice of Islamic republic. He would appoint a number of sub-judges in various provinces to dispense justice. Abu Bakr had appointed Umar (R.A) and Ali (R.A) as judges in Madina, besides this Abu Bakr established department of the Muftees (Islamic Jurists) who were assigned the task of solving various problems in the light of the Quran and Sunnah.
Abu Bakr also introduced reforms in the military affairs. Since the time of the Prophet (S.A.W) no regular army was kept and this tradition was maintained by Abu Bakr. He would, however, divided the army into a number of battalions while dispatching it to strategic areas. Each battalion was headed by a commander.
Ab Bakr was also credited with laying the foundation of Bait-al Mal (state treasury) which became fully operational during the Caliphate of Umar (R.A). Major sources of revenue under Abu Bakr were: Zakah, Ushr, Jizya and booty (Anfal)
- Messages
- 143
- Reaction score
- 74
- Points
- 28
no problem sir did not know that you were so fatigued you can take your time
- Messages
- 2,175
- Reaction score
- 4,105
- Points
- 273
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
(a) Why did Mu‘awiya refuse to accept Ali as caliph?
(b) What happened as a result of this disagreement between the
Ali (R.A) assumed the power at perhaps the most difficult times in the history of Islam. The capital Madinah Munawarah, as well as the provinces under Muslim rule was in grip of terror, chaos and anarchy everywhere. All this had been cleverly cultivated by a large group of insurgents who had thousands of alien agents and are called Kharajees. The two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about ten miles north-west of Maan in Jordan, in February 658 seven months after the ceasefire at Siffin. Since the terms of reference were not very precise, arguments dragged on, sometimes at cross-purposes.
In the end, the arbitrators came to a curious decision. They announced that both Muawiya (R.A) and should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali (R.A) and his supporters were stunned by this decision, which had lowered the Caliph in status to the same level as Muawiya(R.A), whereas they were expecting the outcome to be merely a formal recognition of Ali's (R.A) Caliphate. Ali was thus outmaneuvered once again by Muawiya (R.A) and his friend Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict on the grounds that it was not in accordance with the Qur’an, and hence found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali (R.A) in a very weak position even among his own supporters, whereas Muawiya, on the other hand, started accepting the allegiance of his troops in Damascus. Ironically, the most vociferous opponents in Ali’s camp were the very same people who had forced him into a ceasefire from the point of victory in the first place and then insisted on the choice of a neutral man like Abu Musa al-Ashari (R.A) to represent them in the arbitration. The battle and arbitration farce settled nothing but instead increased bitterness between the two groups to such an extent that they resorted to cursing each other by name regularly in public prayers. Islam and the empire were both split.The conflict between Ali (R.A) and Muawiya (R.A) eventually took the form of one of the largest battles ever fought in the History of Islam. Muawiya (R.A) as demanded the punishment of Usman’s assassins but Ali (R.A) refused to act on his demand on immediate bases. Muawiya (R.A) started a campaign against Ali (R.A) to insight the people against Ali (R.A). He displayed the blood stained shirt of Usman (R.A) and chopped fingers of his wife Naila. He accused Ali (R.A) of being involved in the assassination of Usman (R.A) as Ali’s two sons were guarding the house of Usman (R.A) at the time of his martyrdom. Ali had no option instead to wage war against Muawiya and at the head of 90000 men Ali marched towards Syria. Both armies met at Siffin in Muharram 37 A.H (May 657 A.D). The fighting continued for several days and there was a considerable loss of life from both sides. At the end the Battle went in favor of Ali (R.A) and Muawiya in order to avoid the defeat resorted to a trick, his men raised Quran on their lances as a sign that war should be ceased and that the decision should be referred to the Quran. Many officers in Ali’s army refused to fight, so the war was stopped and it was decided that the matter be referred to an arbitration (mediation/settlement). Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashari and Muaviya appointed Amr bin Aas. They were to settle the dispute in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah and announce their decision by Ramadan. In the meantime all hostilities were to cease. In Ramadan Abu Musa Ashari and Amr bin Aas met at Dumat-ul-Jandal, a place between Kufa and Damascus, for arbitration. The question put to them was ‘’are the two eligible for the post of Caliph.’’ Abu Musa announced that both Ali and Muaviya would resign and the people should be given a right to choose any one of them as Caliph. Amr bin Aas announced that he agreed with Abu Musa to depose Ali but he himself had decided to retain Muaviya on his post. Because Muaviya is a successful governor and his people have no complaints against him, so the election for the Caliph should take place while Muaviya retained his seat. The decision was one sided so Ali, on principle did not accept it so the arbitration failed.
(b) What happened as a result of this disagreement between the
Ali (R.A) assumed the power at perhaps the most difficult times in the history of Islam. The capital Madinah Munawarah, as well as the provinces under Muslim rule was in grip of terror, chaos and anarchy everywhere. All this had been cleverly cultivated by a large group of insurgents who had thousands of alien agents and are called Kharajees. The two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about ten miles north-west of Maan in Jordan, in February 658 seven months after the ceasefire at Siffin. Since the terms of reference were not very precise, arguments dragged on, sometimes at cross-purposes.
In the end, the arbitrators came to a curious decision. They announced that both Muawiya (R.A) and should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali (R.A) and his supporters were stunned by this decision, which had lowered the Caliph in status to the same level as Muawiya(R.A), whereas they were expecting the outcome to be merely a formal recognition of Ali's (R.A) Caliphate. Ali was thus outmaneuvered once again by Muawiya (R.A) and his friend Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict on the grounds that it was not in accordance with the Qur’an, and hence found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali (R.A) in a very weak position even among his own supporters, whereas Muawiya, on the other hand, started accepting the allegiance of his troops in Damascus. Ironically, the most vociferous opponents in Ali’s camp were the very same people who had forced him into a ceasefire from the point of victory in the first place and then insisted on the choice of a neutral man like Abu Musa al-Ashari (R.A) to represent them in the arbitration. The battle and arbitration farce settled nothing but instead increased bitterness between the two groups to such an extent that they resorted to cursing each other by name regularly in public prayers. Islam and the empire were both split.The conflict between Ali (R.A) and Muawiya (R.A) eventually took the form of one of the largest battles ever fought in the History of Islam. Muawiya (R.A) as demanded the punishment of Usman’s assassins but Ali (R.A) refused to act on his demand on immediate bases. Muawiya (R.A) started a campaign against Ali (R.A) to insight the people against Ali (R.A). He displayed the blood stained shirt of Usman (R.A) and chopped fingers of his wife Naila. He accused Ali (R.A) of being involved in the assassination of Usman (R.A) as Ali’s two sons were guarding the house of Usman (R.A) at the time of his martyrdom. Ali had no option instead to wage war against Muawiya and at the head of 90000 men Ali marched towards Syria. Both armies met at Siffin in Muharram 37 A.H (May 657 A.D). The fighting continued for several days and there was a considerable loss of life from both sides. At the end the Battle went in favor of Ali (R.A) and Muawiya in order to avoid the defeat resorted to a trick, his men raised Quran on their lances as a sign that war should be ceased and that the decision should be referred to the Quran. Many officers in Ali’s army refused to fight, so the war was stopped and it was decided that the matter be referred to an arbitration (mediation/settlement). Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashari and Muaviya appointed Amr bin Aas. They were to settle the dispute in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah and announce their decision by Ramadan. In the meantime all hostilities were to cease. In Ramadan Abu Musa Ashari and Amr bin Aas met at Dumat-ul-Jandal, a place between Kufa and Damascus, for arbitration. The question put to them was ‘’are the two eligible for the post of Caliph.’’ Abu Musa announced that both Ali and Muaviya would resign and the people should be given a right to choose any one of them as Caliph. Amr bin Aas announced that he agreed with Abu Musa to depose Ali but he himself had decided to retain Muaviya on his post. Because Muaviya is a successful governor and his people have no complaints against him, so the election for the Caliph should take place while Muaviya retained his seat. The decision was one sided so Ali, on principle did not accept it so the arbitration failed.
- Messages
- 143
- Reaction score
- 74
- Points
- 28
well yeah you can call them 'notes'
- Messages
- 1,358
- Reaction score
- 1,289
- Points
- 173
Its ok dear we are habitual..