- Messages
- 6
- Reaction score
- 3
- Points
- 13
For opposition to gov of India act
The Government of India Act 1935 fell short of Indian expectation due to a number of reasons as detailed below:
Indians were not involved in drafting the Act, and no Indian legislature, federal or provincial, was authorized to make amendments in the Act. Only the British Parliament was authorized for changes in the Indian constitution. Such Act can never be welcomed, it can only be imposed.
A federal type of government was proposed by the Act comprising of Indian provinces and Princely States. The princes were free to join the federation or remain autocratic ruler. Congress wanted democratic reforms within princely states but the princes wanted to rule without any external intervention. The princes were given over-representation, 40 percent in the Upper House (104/260) and 33 percent in the Lower House (125/375). With more seats in the federation, they would not be easy to democratize. That’s why the formula in the Act of 1935 was not acceptable to Congress, the major political stakeholder.
The system was not fully democratic, only one-fourth of the population could use their right of polling votes in the general elections. This was against the basic principles of democracy.
There were special and discriminatory powers with the Viceroy and provincial governors. They could even dissolve the Legislative Assembly. These special powers were hurdles in the path of provincial autonomy and were contradictory with the basic principles of democracy.
For why lp was formed
[Muslims’ New Strategy] When Bengal was partitioned in 1905, Hindus reacted against the decision and they went on violent protests and boycotts of British goods. On the other hand, the Muslims remained loyal to the British rule. The British could not sustain the pressure of demonstrations and reversed the decision of partition in 1911. This was a betrayal to the Muslims’ loyalty. They realized the British rulers could no longer be trusted. Now they had to devise a new strategy for achieving their goals. They wanted to turn towards the demand of self-rule but they needed constitutional protection – separate electorate and provincial autonomy – from Hindus after the British would leave India. Muslim League, therefore, signed the Lucknow Pact in 1916 in which Congress agreed on granting the Muslims 1/3 reserved seats in the central legislative council.
[Jinnah’s Role] At the time of the pact, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was an idealist who believed that Hindus and Muslims could work together. He wanted that all religious groups should live together in harmony. He was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He believed that joint demands would put more pressure on the British. Therefore he persuaded the Congress and the Muslim League for the Lucknow Pact in 1916. He believed that this pact would lead to united Indian nation.
(Note: Mr. Jinnah became realist after Nehru Report in 1929 who then believed in the two-nation theory).
[Joint Demand] Congress was keen to gain the support of Muslim League for its demand of self-rule in India. It hoped that it would be difficult for the British to reject the joint demand of self-rule for longer time. Therefore, it was ready to give concessions to Muslim League for its own objective of home-rule. That is why Congress went into Lucknow Pact with Muslim League in 1916.
