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  1. Z

    Nepali students with 100 Percentile results.

    no one is joking man
  2. Z

    Nepali students with 100 Percentile results.

    100 physics 100 chem 100 GP
  3. Z

    HOW WAS BIOLOGY 42??

    long??? I was looking for the more questions,lol. Seriously, shouldn't have taken more than 1:30 (at max) barring extraordinary circumstances
  4. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    Viruses commonly used as vectors as they have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner While using virus as vectors, the disease causing gene in the virus is removed and therapeutic gene inserted. Viruses commonly used: Retroviruses...
  5. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    No idea, try it! :lol:
  6. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    what it means is the resistance allele frequency will increase when the antibiotic to which the gene provides resistance is applied as selection pressure.
  7. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    GLYCOPROTEIN PEPTIDASE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! OR TRANSPEPTIDASE!!!!!!!!!!!!!! which is the enzyme involved in formation of crosslinks??? both have appeared in the MS
  8. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    Captive breeding vs selective breeding: -Selective breeding reduces genetic diversity Captive breeding needs to maintain maximum diversity -Selective breeding chooses parents on grounds of phenotype Captive breeding parents should not be chosen for traits since weak organisms may house needed...
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    Biology P4 random notes

    The main goal of genetic counselling is to provide information enabling parents to make their own informed decisions
  10. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    The prime assumption in selective breeding is that the selected trait is heritable
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    Biology P4 random notes

    MAbs in vaccination in vaccination: -Can be used to identify different strains of pathogens as monoclonal antibodies are monospecific for a particular epitope -Identificatoin of immunogenic parts of viruses/bacteria immunogenic: eliciting an immune response -Use as subunit vaccines subunit...
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    Biology P4 random notes

    Steps of Bioleaching: 1. Acidified water is pumped into large heaps of waste materials containing iron and copper sulfides, left from conventional mining 2. Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans oxidises iron (II) sulfide to iron (III) sulfate 3. The iron (III) ions oxidise copper sulfide to soluble copper...
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    Biology P4 random notes

    Anti-antibody: An antibody that attacks other antibodies,especially one produced in response to the injection of another antibody
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    Biology P4 random notes

    It is when genetic fingerprints show a much greater degree of similarity than might be expected, even amongst closely related individuals, that there is an indication of inbreeding
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    Biology P4 random notes

    Dangers of gene therapy: -ALLELE may be inserted within another needed gene altering the product of the needed gene -ALLELE may be inserted into tissue other than target with unknown consequences -ALLELE may be inserted into germ line and passed via gamete -Virus may damage tissue
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    Biology P4 random notes

    Spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria: Most bacteria reproduce rapidly and thus there is frequent DNA replication. This increases chances for mistakes during DNA replication process (mostly gene mutation) and this is compounded by the lack of gene editing enzymes which can proofread...
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    Biology P4 random notes

    Process of selective breeding in Jersey cows: -In Jerseys, the trait looked for is docility, high milk production and high content of fat in their milk -Parents with some of these traits as well as general fitness (mental health + physical health) are made to mate. -To test the parents, we can...
  18. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    Need to maintain rare breeds of animals: (From MS) They can be used to form and maintain a gene bank. They are source of genetic variation and sources of alleles and could possibly have many unrecognized traits. So, they could be used for selective breeding in the future for possible resistance...
  19. Z

    Biology P4 random notes

    Substrate level phosphorylation is an entirely enzyme catalysed reaction in which phosphate group from a high energy intermediate is directly used to phosphorylate ADP. So, you are using the chemical energy of the high energy intermediate to phosphorylate ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation uses...
  20. Z

    help needed w10_qp_42

    I don't think I understand your question properly but anyways I will try. There are two types of hormone (at least that we need to know about) 1. Proteins 2. Steroids (Lipids) Now, these hormones bring about the required change by stimulating a sequence of events and for this they have to bind...
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