Biology; Chemistry; Physics: Post your doubts here!

[Dark Destination]

No the point is look
- say a mosquito bites you, to get malaria it should be infected and anophelos, the chance of catching are less too coz only few mm max is exchanged
- say transfusion occurs (the option says it has occured so it CANT occur isnt good enough) then the risk is nearly 100%

Lol, your argument is completly illogical. It doesn't even make any sense.
In one point you're saying that the mosquito might not be infected. And in the other you're assuming that the person was infected.

Idk what the hell anophelos is, but i can deduce that the question asked about how malaria is generally spread throughout the world.
And due to advancements in medicine, clean transfusions take place.
An infected person can never donate blood, due to blood screening and everything.
Malaria being spread through transfusion is a one in a thousands case.

But today, in Africa, millions of people are suffering from malaria. Not because they stick needles up their arms and share blood, lol.
It's because mosquitoes bite them, and its spreading in kids. Adults. And they're dying over there.

SO MALARIA, A UNIVERSAL DISEASE is known to spread by MOSQUITO BITES. Simple.

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

Lol, your argument is completly illogical. It doesn't even make any sense.
In one point you're saying that the mosquito might not be infected. And in the other you're assuming that the person was infected.

Idk what the hell anophelos is, but i can deduce that the question asked about how malaria is generally spread throughout the world.
And due to advancements in medicine, clean transfusions take place.
An infected person can never donate blood, due to blood screening and everything.
Malaria being spread through transfusion is a one in a thousands case.

But today, in Africa, millions of people are suffering from malaria. Not because they stick needles up their arms and share blood, lol.
It's because mosquitoes bite them, and its spreading in kids. Adults. And they're dying over there.

SO MALARIA, A UNIVERSAL DISEASE is known to spread by MOSQUITO BITES. Simple.

I posted this too
you read it?

forgot to mention
it says how can malaria spread from infected person to another?

 

[Dark Destination]

I posted this too
you read it?

Again, the question answers itself.
Mosquito bite is the general method of malaria being spread throughout the entire world. Simple.

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

Again, the question answers itself.
Mosquito bite is the general method of malaria being spread throughout the entire world. Simple.

Transfusion Malaria:

Malaria can be transmitted by transfusion of blood from infected donors. First reported in 1911, transfusion malaria is one of the most common transfusion-transmitted infections today.[18,19] The risk of acquiring transfusion malaria is very low (1 case per 4 million) in nonendemic countries such as the United States, whereas in the endemic countries, it is much higher (>50 cases per million donor units).[19,20]

Following a malaria infection, the individual may remain infective for weeks to months, or even years, in case of P. malariae infection. Therefore, those who have suffered from malaria should not donate blood for at least 3 years after becoming asymptomatic, and proven carriers of P. malariae should never donate blood.

The risk of transmission is higher in transfusion of fresh, whole blood, particularly when the blood has been stored for less than 5 days and the risk is considerably lesser after 2 weeks.[21] The risk of transmission is extremely low in case of transfusions of plasma, plasma components, or derivatives devoid of intact red cells.[22,23]

It is difficult to identify malarial infection in donated blood specimens. Most donors implicated in transfusion-transmitted malaria are predominantly semi-immune with very low parasite loads and the infectious dose is estimated to be 1 to 10 parasites in a unit of blood. Detection of such low parasitemia is difficult or impossible with the peripheral smear examination or with more sensitive tests such as the antigen or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.[24-27] However, presence of high titer antibodies in such individuals offers some scope for identification of malaria in donated blood and the recent development of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) with improved sensitivity to P. falciparum and P. vivax, the predominant transfusion threats, has heightened the appeal of serological testing.[21,27] Although universal serological screening in nonendemic regions is not cost-effective, targeted screening of donors identified at risk by travel-based questioning can significantly reduce wastage.[21] The development of automated protein microarray-based technology has the potential to further enhance antibody/antigen sensitivity.[21] There are reports of successful use of RDTs in screening donated blood.[28]

In non-endemic countries, donor deferral in combination with screening for specific antimalarial immunoglobulin provides an effective means of minimizing the risk of transmission. In endemic countries, more specific donor questioning, consideration of seasonal variation and geographical distribution may help to identify the population of donors who are most likely to be infected. In addition, the administration of antimalarials to transfusion recipients may help to prevent transmission.[27] It is also important to ensure that blood collected in highly endemic regions is not transfused to patients from areas of low endemicity.[24] In endemic countries, chemoprophylaxis was found to be particularly useful for protecting young children with no or little malarial immunity from developing acute and potentially fatal posttransfusion malaria.[26]

Transfusion malaria manifests with a shorter incubation period of 2–4 days as the inoculum contains the erythrocytic forms of the parasite and pre-erthrocytic phase of the life cycle within the liver does not occur. Typical symptoms of fever, malaise, and headache occur and in case of P. falciparum infection, particularly in the nonimmune patients, the infection can progress rapidly into fatal illness. Diagnosis of transfusion malaria requires a keen sense of clinical suspicion and any recipient of blood transfusion developing such symptoms should be tested immediately for malaria. As the transfusion-acquired P. vivax malaria does not have the exoerythrocytic phase, relapses do not occur.[18,19,21,27,29-31]


Happy?

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

What my simple point is
both are possible, transfusion is more likely

 

[Dark Destination]

Transfusion Malaria:

Malaria can be transmitted by transfusion of blood from infected donors. First reported in 1911, transfusion malaria is one of the most common transfusion-transmitted infections today.[18,19] The risk of acquiring transfusion malaria is very low (1 case per 4 million) in nonendemic countries such as the United States, whereas in the endemic countries, it is much higher (>50 cases per million donor units).[19,20]

Following a malaria infection, the individual may remain infective for weeks to months, or even years, in case of P. malariae infection. Therefore, those who have suffered from malaria should not donate blood for at least 3 years after becoming asymptomatic, and proven carriers of P. malariae should never donate blood.

The risk of transmission is higher in transfusion of fresh, whole blood, particularly when the blood has been stored for less than 5 days and the risk is considerably lesser after 2 weeks.[21] The risk of transmission is extremely low in case of transfusions of plasma, plasma components, or derivatives devoid of intact red cells.[22,23]

It is difficult to identify malarial infection in donated blood specimens. Most donors implicated in transfusion-transmitted malaria are predominantly semi-immune with very low parasite loads and the infectious dose is estimated to be 1 to 10 parasites in a unit of blood. Detection of such low parasitemia is difficult or impossible with the peripheral smear examination or with more sensitive tests such as the antigen or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.[24-27] However, presence of high titer antibodies in such individuals offers some scope for identification of malaria in donated blood and the recent development of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) with improved sensitivity to P. falciparum and P. vivax, the predominant transfusion threats, has heightened the appeal of serological testing.[21,27] Although universal serological screening in nonendemic regions is not cost-effective, targeted screening of donors identified at risk by travel-based questioning can significantly reduce wastage.[21] The development of automated protein microarray-based technology has the potential to further enhance antibody/antigen sensitivity.[21] There are reports of successful use of RDTs in screening donated blood.[28]

In non-endemic countries, donor deferral in combination with screening for specific antimalarial immunoglobulin provides an effective means of minimizing the risk of transmission. In endemic countries, more specific donor questioning, consideration of seasonal variation and geographical distribution may help to identify the population of donors who are most likely to be infected. In addition, the administration of antimalarials to transfusion recipients may help to prevent transmission.[27] It is also important to ensure that blood collected in highly endemic regions is not transfused to patients from areas of low endemicity.[24] In endemic countries, chemoprophylaxis was found to be particularly useful for protecting young children with no or little malarial immunity from developing acute and potentially fatal posttransfusion malaria.[26]

Transfusion malaria manifests with a shorter incubation period of 2–4 days as the inoculum contains the erythrocytic forms of the parasite and pre-erthrocytic phase of the life cycle within the liver does not occur. Typical symptoms of fever, malaise, and headache occur and in case of P. falciparum infection, particularly in the nonimmune patients, the infection can progress rapidly into fatal illness. Diagnosis of transfusion malaria requires a keen sense of clinical suspicion and any recipient of blood transfusion developing such symptoms should be tested immediately for malaria. As the transfusion-acquired P. vivax malaria does not have the exoerythrocytic phase, relapses do not occur.[18,19,21,27,29-31]


Happy?

I was just looking at articles, too.

YES, I repeat. Malaria can be spread by TRANSFUSION of Blood. It is possible.
Stick a syringe in a malaria patient, and transfuse it to a healthy person, and malaria can be transferred.

But again, this is not common. This only happened centuries ago. Now, this is very unlikely in todays time. Malaria is one the first transfusion-related diseases, which was discovered early. But now it isn't spread by transfusion due to advancements in medicine. Mosquitoes are the idiots that spread this disease.

Now, let's say PERSON A has Malaria.
PERSON B is healthy, has no disease.

Throw these two people in a jungle, and the healthy person might get malaria, as their will be mosquitoes in the jungle.

But they will never transfuse blood. Never.

And the question says 'how can malaria spread from infected person to another?''...

And since, mosquito bite is the renowned cause of malaria, and due to no cases of malaria in the recent years due to blood transfusion, it is more likely that the MALARIA is spread through mosquito bite.

BUT IT IS POSSIBLE THROUGH TRANSFUSION, BUT DOESN'T TAKE PLACE IN TODAYS WORLD, UNLESS THE PEOPLE ARE INSANE. NO ONE WOULD SHARE BLOOD WITH A PATIENT.

 

[Dark Destination]

What my simple point is
both are possible, transfusion is more likely

I agree that both are possible, but TRANSFUSION is definitely not more likely.
Idk where you saw a malaria person sharing blood with a healthy patient, but that doesn't take place in the 21st century. :3

So, according to the general situation of the world, according to the books you have studied, according to the knowledge you have, it can be deduced that the right answer to this MCQ is MOSQUITO BITES.

But it is possible through TRANSFUSION, it is possible. But doesn't happen anymore, happened only centuries ago. When they did not have proper medicine, and blood things or whatever.

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

O why can I not get you to understand
Person A has malaria
Person B doesnt

A gets bitten, does B get? no
B gets bitten, does B get? probably but not coz of A
mosquito bites A then B , does B get yep and fine

Probability =1/3

Now As blood goes to B , B gets it ? yep
game over probability = 1

the option says transfusion you cant say transfusion is impossible to happen, it happens today in huge quantities too

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

Never Mind
We can fight like this till eternity

 

[Dark Destination]

O why can I not get you to understand
Person A has malaria
Person B doesnt

A gets bitten, does B get? no
B gets bitten, does B get? probably but not coz of A
mosquito bites A then B , does B get yep and fine

Probability =1/3

Now As blood goes to B , B gets it ? yep
game over probability = 1

the option says transfusion you cant say transfusion is impossible to happen, it happens today in huge quantities too

The only thing wrong with that is, How would the blood go from B to A?
Would it fly in the air and go into his veins? If that's possible, then okay.

It would never happen. No one does that.

I get what you mean. Malaria is 100% spread through transfusion, but no one would do a transfusion with a infected person.

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

The only thing wrong with that is, How would the blood go from B to A?
Would it fly in the air and go into his veins? If that's possible, then okay.

It would never happen. No one does that.

I get what you mean. Malaria is 100% spread through transfusion, but no one would do a transfusion with a infected person.

agreed totally agreed
nobody would but the option says it has happened then we cant point out the common sense of the poor victim

 

[funky brat]

I have found it totally wrong many times

My Biology teacher is great. If she can't find anything right she says MS is wrong.

 

[exploded diper]

O why can I not get you to understand
Person A has malaria
Person B doesnt

A gets bitten, does B get? no
B gets bitten, does B get? probably but not coz of A
mosquito bites A then B , does B get yep and fine

Probability =1/3

Now As blood goes to B , B gets it ? yep
game over probability = 1

the option says transfusion you cant say transfusion is impossible to happen, it happens today in huge quantities too

there isnt only one mosquitoe......

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

there isnt only one mosquitoe......

You dont say?

 

[funky brat]

I'm not a biology master, but even i know that a person who has malaria won't transfuse his blood to someone else.
The doctors won't freaking' let that person donate blood. He'll be in the hospital getting treatment, and if at all, he will be getting blood from clean doners, instead of donating his CONTAMINATED blood to healthy individuals. So it's not spread by blood transfusion.
Yes, it can be SPREAD if you get a malaria patient. Forcefully draw his blood out using a syringe, and forcefully insert it into a healthy persons vein or whatever, then malaria can be transferred. But that's not a natural way. And i don't think anyone does that.

It's a deadly disease.

But it can definitely occur through blood transfusion. It's not always possible that the person having malarial parasite in his blood has been diagnosed with malaria. The symptoms are only felt once the malarial parasite has completely taken over the biochemical systems of the body and shows its effects. What if the person is just bitten by the mosquito, though there is no sign of malaria at that time but still it can affect the other person to whom blood is donated.

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

My Biology teacher is great. If she can't find anything right she says MS is wrong.

it is but very rarely
I have only found it wrong twice

 

[Faizan Muhammmad]

But it can definitely occur through blood transfusion. It's not always possible that the person having malarial parasite in his blood has been diagnosed with malaria. The symptoms are only felt once the malarial parasite has completely taken over the biochemical systems of the body and shows its effects. What if the person is just bitten by the mosquito, though there is no sign of malaria at that time but still it can affect the other person to whom blood is donated.

finally a supporter who understands

 

[funky brat]

Okay, but a few cases don't change the answer of an mcq question. Be realistic.

Was this an MCQ? Who said it's a 10 mark question? -.-

 

[Dark Destination]

Faizan Muhammmad

Okay, let me settle this once and for all.

WE ARE HUMANS, AND THIS IS A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION. NOTHING TO GET ALL WORKED UP ABOUT.
TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT I AM SAYING, OKAY?

Just picture the entire world. You. Sitting. or whatever. And the entire world around you.
There are continents. There is a whole system. People giving cie's, working hard, doing what they can to succeed.

But during this, conflicts arise. Now the only possible thing is to resolve them.

So here i go.

Malaria is a disease. The entire world is suffering from it. Africans are dying every day due to Malaria. There is no medical care there. Kids, adults, they're all dying.
Why? Because a stupid disease called MALARIA is there, and mosquitoes bite and stuff, and transfer this anopheles thing you say.

Now coming to the question, it says:

Q. How can Malaria be transferred from an infected person to a healthy person?

Those are the exact words.
Now read them carefully.

BLOOD TRANSFUSION. MOSQUITO BITES.

First of all, both are possible. Both can lead to to Malaria being spread from infected to healthy person.

But even though i hate BIOLOGY, and suck at it, this subject is about reality. It's about the biological world we're living in.
And here in this world, MOSQUITO bites are the cause of malaria.

To answer this question, you had to keep in mind the current state of technology and the life we're living in.

Today, no one transfuses blood without protection. In the 16th century there was no proper equipment, they used to transfuse blood without knowing and stuff, there were no blood tests, and malaria used to be spread.

BUT THIS IS THE 21ST century. Today there are advancements, and new technology in medicine. The world has evolved. We are in a new world.

Today, NO ONE can get a blood transfusion without having their blood tested first. If they have got malaria, they can't donate blood simple.

So, now this question was about reality.

Two people. One infected, one healthy.

They live together, sleep together.

Now, how can malaria be transferred between them? [Keeping in mind the current situation of this world, the existence of mosquitoes, and life as we know it]

If The other person gets malaria, then the doctor will say straight away that the reason for getting malaria was being bitten my a mosquito which had already bitten that persons partner.

Now if they had been freaks, they would have transfused blood. But that is highly unlikely, and pointless, and impossible in todays world. There is no reason to do that themselves.

So i conclude, YES. It is possible to get malaria due to blood transfusion. But This question was about this century, this life, and about your biology book, which has an example of a mosquito in it. So the answer was supposed to be MOSQUITO BITES.

And CIE never said it can't be spread through TRANSFUSION. They only asked a general question, about how and what would be the cause of malaria being spread from infected to healthy, and mosquito bite is the only logical explanation!

 

[funky brat]

finally a supporter who understands

Actually I did not know this was an MCQ. This is very far-fetched thing and nobody would even think that way so the mist appropriate answer should be chosen.