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Epithelia line the outside of the body, since alveolar walls are in contact with air so its epithelium. Endothelia line the inside of the body such as blood vessels. Sometimes endothelium is referred to as a type of epithelium. However, you must not use these terms interchangeably in your exam, because it may be penalised.
Epithelia line the outside of the body, since alveolar walls are in contact with air so its epithelium. Endothelia line the inside of the body such as blood vessels. Sometimes endothelium is referred to as a type of epithelium. However, you must not use these terms interchangeably in your exam, because it may be penalised.
This difference is also in transport in plants: endothelium (in root, with Casparian strip) and epithelium (out of which root hairs extend).
thanks a lot! :')
is it T memory cells or did you mean T-killer cells??Primary response
1) the pathogen invades the body
2) it damages or weakens body cells
3) the weakened body cells produce proteins called histamines
4) the phagocytes in the blood are attracted to these proteins...(chemotaxis)
5) the phagocytes (macrophages) engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis and display the non self antigens on its surface
6) the T helper cells with the complementary receptors goes and recognizes the antigens of the pathogen, and divides to form T memory cells and T helper cells that produce cytokines (hormone-like)
7) B lymphocytes with the complementary surface receptors are activated due to these cytokines and divide by mitosis to produce B-memory cells and Plasma cells.
8) The B memory cells further divide to produce more memory cells and plasma cells.
9) the plasma cells release anitbodies with the variable region (antigen binding site) complementary to the antigens of the pathogen. These antibodies destroy the pathogens.
10) The T killer cells (cytotoxic T cells) with the specific complementary receptors release chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide or punch holes in the infected body cells to remove and kill any remaining weakened body cells, and the remaining debris.
11) The memory B and memory T cells remain circulating in the blood.
Secondary response:
The memory cells which are in the blood on the encounter of the pathogen with the antigens complementary to their receptors, divide rapidly producing plasma cells which secrete antibodies (more than the primary response) and the pathogens are destroyed in a short time.
Correct me if im wrong
It causes cancer, by switching off the tumor supressor genes and activating proto-oncogenes to form oncogenes (genes that have the potential to cause cancer). This activation is as a result of mutation/change in DNA/damage to DNA. Also, apoptosis (programmed cell death) is inhibited. As a result, uncontrolled cell division/growth occurs to form an irregular mass of cells, which is known as a tumourous growth. The tumor may be malignant (can spread to other organs/tissues). An example of carcinogens is benzpyrene. Sometimes tar is referred to as carcinogenic, which means that it contains carcinogens.
An opsonin is any molecule that targets an antigen for an immune response. However, the term is usually used in reference to molecules that act as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis, especially antibodies, which coat the negatively-charged molecules on the membrane.
which pastpaper did you see this in ?
for loading of sucrose:
yes, I think I solved this once, it was j
Ok nvm got it...it's got to do with endo/exocytosis
well i dont think so -i think it's enough to knowantigen-antibody- neutrophils -macrophages-B and T lymphocytes and their actionsW09-P22 are we meant to know all of that?
Primary response
1) the pathogen invades the body
2) it damages or weakens body cells
3) the weakened body cells produce proteins called histamines
4) the phagocytes in the blood are attracted to these proteins...(chemotaxis)
5) the phagocytes (macrophages) engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis and display the non self antigens on its surface
6) the T helper cells with the complementary receptors goes and recognizes the antigens of the pathogen, and secretes chemicals which cause the bone marrow to form T Killer cells, and secretes cytokines (hormone-like)
7) B lymphocytes with the complementary surface receptors are activated due to these cytokines and divide by mitosis to produce B-memory cells and Plasma cells.
8) The B memory cells further divide to produce more memory cells and plasma cells.
9) the plasma cells release anitbodies with the variable region (antigen binding site) complementary to the antigens of the pathogen. These antibodies destroy the pathogens.
10) The T killer cells (cytotoxic T cells) with the specific complementary receptors release chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide or punch holes in the infected body cells to remove and kill any remaining weakened body cells, and the remaining debris.
11) The memory B and memory T cells remain circulating in the blood.
Secondary response:
The memory cells which are in the blood on the encounter of the pathogen with the antigens complementary to their receptors, divide rapidly producing plasma cells which secrete antibodies (more than the primary response) and the pathogens are destroyed in a short time.
Correct me if im wrong
i've been having trouble with that for quite some days xD
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