Lets wrap up Islamiat Paper: you have doubts post them and get the solutions

[Irfan Atique]

irfan atiqueView attachment 28811

Answer: As the Muslims supported the Partition of Bengal which was an act of British government. Muslims also opposed the Boycott of British goods and declared their loyalty due to this they got on better with the British. In fact Simla Deputation is in line with the kind of thinking which was developing among the Muslims during that time that is they have certain interests and they must stand up to protect their rights and unless they do that the objective will not be achieved. The Simla Deputation of 1906 was an important event because the Muslims had certain interests and they must stand up to protect their rights. Simla Deputation was the first systematic attempt on the part of Muslims to present their demands so in 1906 a deputation of 35 Muslim elite leaders met with Viceroy Lord Minto and they put forward a The memorandum which they presented to the British government was a kind of the demands which were the upper most in the minds of the Muslims at that time. The delegation emphasized that Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical terms but they should take into account their historical importance and the kinds of contribution the Muslims have made to British India and keeping in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands. It also guaranteed Muslims an Independent role in the Politics.

Representation more than their population because of their importance So that that representation have some significance, some importance and the representatives are able to play an important role, they demanded the introduction of Separate electorate in India, Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs, Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and syndicates, They also demanded that they should have Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council, The last significant demand made was that the college at Aligarh should be elevated to the status of Muslim University at Aligarh . The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it required an organized platform. This achievement of simla deputation led to the formation of the All Indian Muslim League later in 1906.

 

[exploded diper]

can u explain me how brages work n also diference in their lenght n tht of dams

 

[exploded diper]

n I have posted on page 74 i guess

r h.abu huarairah , h. saad bin abi waqas h. jafar important

 

[Irfan Atique]

r h.abu huarairah , h. saad bin abi waqas h. jafar important

give a general reading

 

[Irfan Atique]

dont get panic my dear good friends.....just practice past papers that's it

 

[Irfan Atique]

sir please post notes on Sihay e Sitta and Four Books of Shia Hadis. And the activities of early compilers

Question: Name the six collections of Sunni Hadis books and four Shia compilations of Hadis ? Discuss their main features?
Answer: There are six major collections of Sunni Hadis books also called Sahih Al-Sitta.
Sahih Al-Bukhari (194-256 A.H): It was compiled by Imam Muhammad Bin Ismail Al-Bukhari. It is considered to be the most authentic book of Hadis after the Holy Quran. In the compilation of this book of Sahih Al-Bukhari, Imam Bukhari displayed a great critical ability and scrupulous accuracy. The total number of Ahadis in this book is 9082 (which was selected from 600000 Ahadis). However many of them were repeated with different Isnad. Without repetition the number goes down to 2602 Ahadis. His criteria for acceptance into the collection were amongst the most stringent of all the scholars of Ahadith.
Sahih Muslim (204-264 A.H): It was compiled by Imam Muslim bin Hajjah and this is considered second only to the Sahih al-Bukhari. These two collections Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are collectively called Al-Sahihain, the two most authentic collections. Any tradition accepted by both Bukhari and Muslim has been termed as Agreed Upon. Imam Muslim, he traveled widely to gather his collection of Ahadith (plural of Hadith), including to Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, Syria and Egypt. Out of 300,000 Hadith which he evaluated, approximately 4,000 were extracted for inclusion into his collection based on stringent acceptance criteria.
Sunan Abu Daud (202-275 A.H): Abu Da’ud was another important compiler of hadith. Before writing his Sunan he examined five lakhs of traditions, and selected from them only 4800 to be put in his book. The whole task took him 20 years to complete. He kept up the scrupulous exactitude of his predecessors in reproducing the traditions, which he had collected. But he differed from them in the standard of his choice. He included in his Sunan not only the ‘genuine’ traditions (as al-Bukhari and Muslim had done), but also such traditions as had been pronounced by some traditionists to be weak and doubtful.
Jame/ Sunan Tirmizi (209-279 A.H): It was compiled by Abu Isa al-Tirmizi. He was the first man to determine the names, surnames, and title of the narrators of traditions and tide to fix the degree of their reliability by inventing peculiar means of each tradition. His work is divided into 50 chapters (Kutub) and contains 3956 Ahadis.Abu Isa al Tirmizi was a student of Abu Da’ud and his collection follows and improves upon the techniques of classifying the hadith as proposed by his master. Jame of Tirmizi contains all the traditions – legal, dogmatic and historical – that had been accepted by the Muslim jurists of one school or another, as the basis of Islamic law.
Sunan Ibne Majah (209-273 A.H): Ibn Majah travelled widely to collect traditions from the well-known Traditionists of his time. He compiled several works of Hadith of which the most important is the Sunan. In this work, Ibn Majah collected together 4000 traditions in 32 books divided into 1500 chapters. The number of weak (dhaif) traditions it contains is not very large, just about 30. But it does contain some traditions, which are considered by the authorities on the subject to be forged (maudu’).
Sunan Nasai (214-303 A.H): Al Nasai’ collected hadith in his work Sunan He entirely ignored the point of view of his senior contemporary, al-Tirmizi on the question of the application of traditions to various problems that might have been made by different schools of the Muslim juriprudence. His main object was to establish the text of traditions and the differences between their various versions, which he quotes extensively. In many places, he gives headings to the differences between the various narrators. This book contains 5662 Ahadis and is divided well into chapters. Imam Nasai is the best evaluator of the narrators of his time.
1. Kitab Al-Kafi: Compiled by Muhammad Yaqub Kulayni in the third century Hijra, it is divided into three sections:
• Usulal-Kafi which is concerned with the principle of religion.
• Furual-Kafi which is concerned with religious laws.
• Rawadatal-Kafi which is concerned with the various religious aspects and includes some writings of the Imams in total.
Al-Kafi comprises of about 16000 narrations. The author states that this book would be sufficient for all the needs of the believers as it included all branched of religious knowledge. 2. Manla Yahduruhula-
2. Faqih: Compiled by Muhammad ibne Ali al-Qummi in the 4th century Hijri contains over 9000 Hadis. The literal translation of the title Manla Yah duruhu Al-Faqih is “For him not in the presence of Jurisprudence”. The book is meant to be a reference book to help ordinary Shia Muslims in the practice of the legal requirements of Islam. In this book Isnads are absent
3. Tahdhibal-Ahkamfi Sharhal-Muqni’a: Compiled by Sheikh Tusi in the 5th century Hijri contain over 13000 narrations means “The Refinement of the laws in terms of explanation of the sufficiently”. It contains not only traditions but also lengthy discussions about the legal standing and implications of each Hadis. The chapters are well divided and contain the commentaries by some earlier scholars.

4. Istibsarfima’ Khatalafal-Akhbar: Compiled by Sheikh Tusi in the 5th century Hijri and contains over 5000 narrations. Its methods are similar but briefer: there are not so many traditions used in the work and the explanations are more concise. It is similar to Man la Yahdurulual Faqih, but gives full Isnads for the traditions quoted intended to be used as ready reference works for students and scholars

 

[Irfan Atique]

Q: Explaing the method adopted by the compilers of Hadith in establishing the authenticity of the Ahadith? [10]
Answer: In the second century of Hijrah the Muhaddithun paid complete attention to compile the Hadiths. This was so because some hypocrites and non-Muslims wanted to fabricate the Hadiths. Imam Bukhari and other scholars took this seriously and introduced some principles to ensure the authenticity of the Hadith. A Hadith is divided into 2 parts the first part is the Sand and the second is the Man. For e.g. A hadith narrated by Imam Bukhari is as follows “It is reported to us by Ubaidullah saying he heard Hanzalah who came to know from Ikramah saying he heard Ibn-e-Umar who narrates form the Prophet SAW “Islam has been based upon five pillars bearing the wines that Allah is One and Muhammad is His messenger, establishing the regular prayer, paying de regular charity, fasting in the month of Ramadan and the annual pilgrimage.” The first part which mentions the chain of transmitters is the Sanad and the second part which the body or text is the matn.
The Muhaddithun assessed both parts of the Hadith in a highly meticulous way. For the Sanad, the chain of narrators were carefully studied and observed. Through the art of Asma-Ur-Rijal (Names of Men) their biographies were collected and investigated in detail. Each transmitter had to be in possession of firm faith, sound mind, an excellent memory and an upright character. So much so, if the transmitter had ever cheated anyone or even lied to anyone in the matter of joke the Hadith was rejected. The compilers also ensured that the transmitter was present from the time he collected or heard the Hadith till the time he transmitted it. In addition the first transmitter had to be the companion of the Holy Prophet (SAW), for this the Muhaddithun compared the the place and birth of the transmitter, the places and the people he met. Lastly, the chain of transmitters had to be totally and perfectly uninterrupted.
Similarly, the matn was checked thoroughly. They ensured it was in accordance with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah and was not conflicting with any of those two. For e.g. The Hadith will not be accepted if it says to offer 6 daily prayers. Moreover, it should also not contradict with human reason and logic. Example fasting the whole month is outside human capability. Matn also shouldn’t praise or condemn any person or tribe from the future or history by calling its name. Finally, matn should not contain details in a precise way about any future event. The six tradition books are the most authentic and reliable books of all the books on the traditions. They are called Sihah sitta. The books among Sihah sitta are Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Daud, Jam’e Tirmidhi, Sunan Nasai and Sunan Ibn-e-Majah.
Question: Explain the importance of the Isnad (chain of transmitters) and of the Matan (body of text) in assisting scholars to check the authenticity of a Hadith? [10]
Answer: The importance of the Isnad and the Matan in assisting scholars to check the authenticity of Hadith were made in 4th generation of compilers of Hadith by Imam Bukhari and his contemporaries (Muslim, Nisai, Tirmizi, Ibn-e Majah and Abu Daud). They travelled far off to find the transmitters of Hadith and rejected the sayings of those who were not pious; Once, Imam Bukhari travelled very far to get knowledge of Hadith by a narrator. When he arrived there he saw that the narrator of the Hadith was calling his camel towards himself by showing it his empty food box (as if food was in it). Imam Bukhari turned and walked away by saying that if he can deceive an animal, he can deceive me as well and so his Hadith was unreliable. They faced great difficulties in checking the authenticity of Hadith as at that time a huge number of Ahadith were in circulation. The solution they chose was to test the authenticity of Hadith by their rules of Isnad (chain of transmitters) and Matan (the body of the text).
The rules set for the Isnad (chain of transmitters) are:
They ensured the chain of transmitters (Isnad) was unbroken and there should be a direct approach to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W).They checked that the transmitters were known to those before and to those after them in chain. There shouldn’t be any hidden defects e.g. names repeated, major misspelling. No non-Muslim in the chain. Each transmitter must have known the transmitter before him and transmitter after him. There must not be a very big time gap that one narrator hears when he is too young from someone too old. Any event happening in public must have more than one set of narrators. They rejected Hadith whose chain of transmitters were questionable (no gaps or weaknesses)
The rules set for the Matan (body of the text) are:
The Hadith should not go in contradiction with the Holy Quran nor the basics of Islamic teachings. The Hadith should not go in contradiction with any authentic (accepted) Hadith. It should not go against commonsense or people’s normal experience. It should not praise an individual, a definite location or a tribe. It should not give precise details of the events happened after the demise of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W).It should not contain expressions that were out of keeping with what the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) might be expected to use. The Hadith should be free from hidden defects like faults in minute details e.g. dates etc. If the Hadith made any remark about Prophet Hood of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W), which is against the Islamic principles, is rejected. Any Hadith that begins with “We used to…….” Without direct mentioning of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) was ignored as it was considered too genral.
Question: What are the rules set for checking individual Narrator by the Muslim Scholars of the compilers of Sihah sitta.?
The rules which are set to check the individual Narrator in the chain of transmitter of a Hadith are:
The narrator of the Hadis must be of firm faith and honest. He must be known for truthfulness in whatever he reports. The narrator must be trustworthy, reliable and righteous. He should understand what he report and know how a change of word can change the ideas in it. He should report exactly what he has learned from his teacher and not to use his own words. The narrator must have a very good sound memory. He should report what agrees with the reporters of others known to have good memories. A narrator cannot criticize someone that the Ummah has accepted. Examples are Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim. Anyone who criticizes these great scholars would be considered to be from the people of innovation.
With these rules the compilers of authentic books of Ahadis were able to classify Hadis into types:
a) Sahih (the authentic)
b) Hassan (fair, about which little doubt)
c) Zaeef (weak, which raises many doubts concerning authenticity)
d) Maudu (fabricated, un-Islamic)
Qb: Explain how Isnad and Matan help the scholars in deciding the Hadis is authentic?
Answer: Isnad:
Sanad or Isnad refers to the chain of narrators that has reported any given Hadis. In the sciences of Hadis the Muslim Scholars agreed that the chain must begin from the Muhaddis of the Hadis and must ends at the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) or in the case of Hadis e-Qudsi ends at Allah (S.W.T). The concept of Isnad could be thought of as the core of the sciences of Hadis. No other religion, culture, or dynasty on the face of this earth has ever come up with such a precise method of bringing for statements of a person then with the Isnad system in Islam. One of the most famous Muslim scholar Abdullah bin Al Mubarak said “The Isnad to me is part of the Deen. If it wasn’t for the Isnad anyone would say anything he wanted” so we are the only Ummah of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) is also known as the Ummah of Isnad because no other religion in this present world has the weapon of Isnad. Isnad basically a rigorous testing of the links between individuals and transmitting the Hadis from the Muhaddis till it reaches Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and through this testing Muslims are certain of the authenticity of the Hadis.
Matan:
The Matan refers to the actual text of Hadis which is authentic in the actual Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). It is the text of the tradition or what the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) actually said or did. The text or Matan of the Hadis must not conflict or contradict with the Holy Quran nor should it conflict with other reliable or authentic Hadis. For example the Holy Quran says “Establish prayer” and the Hadis of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) explains it as “Pray as you see me praying” so this Matan of Hadis explains us the rules of praying Salah.

 

[Irfan Atique]

Question: Discuss the compilation of Ahadis in the early centuries of Islam? [10]
Answer: The first period of the compilation of the Ahadis was during Holy Prophet (S.A.W) lifetime. Prophet himself would give instructions about the transmission of what he taught, “Preach what you hear me say. Also let those who see and hear me, take upon themselves to communicate my words to others and preach to their children, relatives and friends.” The Companions had three methods of learning or preservation of the Hadis; memorization, writing, and practice. The companions always tried to observe the actions of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W), remember his sayings and then apply what they saw to their own practices in their everyday life.
Abu Hurairah used to write what he heard from the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in a book form and more than 5000 Ahadis were attributed to him. Similarly, Hazrat Ali (R.A) had a booklet containing traditions which concerned the orders and instructions from time to time by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (R.A) wrote every word of Holy Prophet (S.A.W)’s speech and more than 2000 Ahadis were attributed to him. Hence during this time more than 10000 Ahadis were collected. Hazrat Aisha (R.A) also used to preserve the sayings of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) likewise Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas was engaged in preserving and transmitting the Ahadis
During this period the companions acted and wrote what the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) said individually.
The second period of compilation (101-200 AH) was after the Holy Prophet’s death. New converts wanted to hear about him (S.A.W) and therefore the companions were the first source of information who narrated to their successor (Tabaeen).
Umar bin Abdul Malik gave the official orders that the Ahadis should be compiled. Therefore many scholars prepared many collections of the Ahadis and various methods were adopted in its arrangement. The first method was by tracing them to each companion despite the theme. It is called Masnad, the titles of their chapters are Masnad of Abu Bakr (R.A), Masnad of Abu Hurairah (R.A), Masnad of Hazrat Bibi Aisha (R.A), and the famous compilation by Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal.
The second category was by grouping the Ahadis into chapters and some of the chapters according to their theme. The best non-compilation of this type is Al-Mutah by Imam Malik and Al-Musannaf of Imam Abdul Razaq. The compilers introduced each Ahadis with its own Isnad (series of authorities). But they did not discriminate between the authentic and less authentic Ahadis. So they were mixed up.
Third period (Golden period) (200-300 AH) - The third period begin with the death of the companions. Muslims had to rely on the communication of the successors who narrated to the Taba Ta baeen or successors of the successors. This was the golden age of Ahadis. Reciting and memorizing traditions was considered to be a privilege and soon a great number of them had been collected. Ahadis could be authentic or lesser authentic and so the early authorities included only those Ahadis which they considered to be genuine. The ones suspected to be fabricated were rejected. They said that the text should have no conflict with the Quran or with more reliable Hadis. Isnad must be full and unbroken while the narrators must be known for his memory, piety and knowledge.
The Asol ul-Hadis was already been developed and Ismail Al-Bukhari’s idea to compile the authentic Ahadis through a branch of Asol ul-Hadith called Asma ur-Rijal (to check the chain of Tranmitters) he gathered 600000 of them out of which more than 7000 were added to his work and it took him 16 years to compile. He was followed by number of other scholars such as Imam Muslim ibne Hajaj. The collection by Bukhari and Muslim are held in great esteem and are known as the two Sahihs that is the two collection recognized as absolutely authentic. Abu Daud author of al-Sunan, Al-Tirmizi, author of Al-Jame, Al-Nasai author of al-Sunnah and ibne Majah author of Kitab Al-Sunnah. These four works along with Bukhari and Muslim became widely recognized in the Muslim world as six leading books called Al-Kutub Al-Sitta or the six Sahihs.
In the last period many other scholars compiled new collections. Their contents were taken from the six books and arranged in various ways until it was felt that all the Ahadis circulating orally introduced to writing. Hence the Hadis literature became exceedingly rich and finally came to the state as we know it today. It is guide for all Muslims.

 

[Mansan]

are the shia books in our syllabus? like can a direct question come from them?

 

[exploded diper]

geography:
which rains cuz thunderstorms?
which types of irrigation method are used for small farms?
how do sub tropical forest giv watershed protection?
plz ans if u can... thx

 

[Irfan Atique]

are the shia books in our syllabus? like can a direct question come from them?

no dear

 

[asadalam]

no dear

Sir how many muslims took part in the migration to Abyssinia in each batch.It is written differently in 2 books..

 

[Lilly2318]

This file is for OMG... and all of you as well.... its about history 4 marks

(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. [1–2]
The British imposed their will on the sub-continent.
LEVEL 2: Description of annexation [3–6]
Outlines the events in Bengal, the Punjab, NWFP and Sindhi.
LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR failures [7–10]
LEVEL 4: Explains successes AND failures [9–13]
Successes:
power of local Nawabs
early successes of Tipu Sultan
Ranjit Singh
Failures:
strength of British army
eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh
conquests of British against weaker opposition
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]
Can u or some one plz answer dis question in detail i mean full lenght
cuz i didnt understand it!plzzzzzz

 

[Lilly2318]

by the way I have two princesses my daughters, Princesses Hafsa and princesses Ayesha

nice names ...so they hav got a weekend to spend wid their scholar father!

 

[Irfan Atique]

geography:
which rains cuz thunderstorms?
which types of irrigation method are used for small farms?
how do sub tropical forest giv watershed protection?
plz ans if u can... thx

which rains cuz thunderstorms?
Thunderstorms form when an air mass becomes so unstable that it overturns (convects) violently. "Unstable" means that the air in the lowest layers is unusually warm and humid, or that the upper layers are unusually cool, or oftentimes, both Pockets of rising near-surface air in an unstable air mass expand and cool, and as some of the water vapor present condenses into a cloud it releases heat, which then makes the air parcel even warmer, forcing it to rise still higher in the atmosphere.
If the lower level air is sufficiently warm and humid, and the higher altitude air is sufficiently cool, this process continues until a tall convective cloud -- the thunderstorm -- is formed. The result can be a storm extending as high as 40,000 to 60,000 feet (8 to 12 miles). The upper portions of the storm -- even in the warm tropics -- are made of ice: ice crystals, graupel, snow, and sometimes hail. About 50% of the rain reaching the surface in a thunderstorm originated as ice in the upper reaches of the storm.
The updrafts in thunderstorms can be very strong -- 50 knots or more -- which can help support the weight of hailstones as they grow. Such updrafts cause extreme turbulence for aircraft, which will only fly through the strongest portions of thunderstorms if the pilots have no other choice. Despite the large stresses this puts on planes (and their passengers), modern jet aircraft are designed to withstand those stresses.
which types of irrigation method are used for small farms
Small farm irrigation techniques and systems are implemented according to the water obtained from source and the way water is distributed within the irrigation area. The general goal is to supply the entire small farm uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. The most common small farm irrigation systems are surface irrigation, localized irrigation, drip or trickle irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and center pivot irrigation. There are many other irrigation methods such as wheel line irrigation and sub-irrigation.
how do sub tropical forest giv watershed protection
Sub tropical Scrub forests:
Major Areas:
Subtropical scrub forests occur at lower edges of Himalaya, Kala Chata, Sulaiman Ranges and the salt range.
Characteristics:

• Long and dry summer is prevailing factor in these forests.

• Trees and scrubs are scattered and are mostly thorny but some are not e.g. olive and pomegranate.

• Leaves are broad.

• Pine-chir, Palosa and Ber are important species of Sub tropical scrub forests.

Importance:

• Watershed protection

• Supplying firewood

• Grazing purposes

 

[Lilly2318]

no dear

Sir is there ever a chance of history's part (a) being repeated frm past pprs ? dis time or any time?

 

[Lilly2318]

Sir is there ever a chance of history's part (a) being repeated frm past pprs ? dis time or any time?

(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. [1–2]
The British imposed their will on the sub-continent.
LEVEL 2: Description of annexation [3–6]
Outlines the events in Bengal, the Punjab, NWFP and Sindhi.
LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR failures [7–10]
LEVEL 4: Explains successes AND failures [9–13]
Successes:
power of local Nawabs
early successes of Tipu Sultan
Ranjit Singh
Failures:
strength of British army
eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh
conquests of British against weaker opposition
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]
Can u or some one plz answer dis question in detail i mean full lenght
cuz i didnt understand it!plzzzzzz

plz ans

 

[Irfan Atique]

(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. [1–2]
The British imposed their will on the sub-continent.
LEVEL 2: Description of annexation [3–6]
Outlines the events in Bengal, the Punjab, NWFP and Sindhi.
LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR failures [7–10]
LEVEL 4: Explains successes AND failures [9–13]
Successes:
power of local Nawabs
early successes of Tipu Sultan
Ranjit Singh
Failures:
strength of British army
eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh
conquests of British against weaker opposition
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]
Can u or some one plz answer dis question in detail i mean full lenght
cuz i didnt understand it!plzzzzzz

(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.?
Undoubtedly the geo-political map of India changed vastly, from a British perspective, between 1757 and 1857. The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military superiority and diplomatic skills.
The British fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plessy in 1757, Tipu Sultan in the battle of Mysore in 1799, and then Marathas and the Sikhs and annexed Bengal, Mysor, Punjab, North West Frontier and Sindh and annexed Audh through Doctrine of laps in 1852.
On June 23rd, 1757 at Plessey, between Calcutta and Murshidabad, the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive met the army of Siraj-ud-Doula, the Nawab of Bengal. The aspirant to the Nawab's throne, Mir Jafar, betrayed the Nawab and by far the greater number of the Nawab's soldiers were bribed to throw away their weapons, surrender prematurely, and even turn their arms against their own army. Siraj-ud-Doula was defeated. Battle of Plessey marked the first major military success for British East India Company.
In the Battle of Buxar 22 October, 1764 British army defeated the confederate army of Mir Qaism, Nawab Shujauddaulah and Shah Alam II. The English had victories at Katwah, Giria, Sooty, Udaynala and Monghyr. After winning the Battle of Buxar, the British had earned the right to collect land revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This development set the foundations of British political rule in India and the British were successful.
In 1767, Nizam Ali of Hydrabad, the Marathas and the English made an alliance against Hyder Ali of Mysor. But Hyder was brave he defeated the English at their own game by making peace with the Marathas and alluring the Nizam with territorial gains and together with the latter launched an attack on Arcot. The fight continued for a year and half and the
British suffered heavy losses. The panic-stricken British had to sue for peace. A treaty was signed on April 4, 1769, on the basis of restitution of each other's territories and Hyder Ali was Successful. In October 1780 Hyder Ali captured Arcot, defeating an English army. Hyder Ali continued the war with the British. In 1782, Hyder Ali inflicted a humiliating defeat on the British troops once again Hyder Ali was successful.
After Hyder Ali’s death his son Tipu Sultan bravely fought against British. Tired of the war, the two sides concluded the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.On December 29, 1789 Tipu’s attack on Travancore the Raja of Travancore was entitled to the protection of the English. Thus taking advantage of the situation, the English, making a triple alliance with the Nizams and the Marathas, attacked Tipu Sultan and in 1799 British attacked Mysore and annexed Mysore with Tipu’s death on May 4, 1799 who was killed fighting to save his capital.
Maratha power destroyed by British in several wars during 1817- 1818, Holkar's forces were routed at Mahidpur December 21, 1817 and Baji Rao II, who was trying to consolidate Marathas, finally surrendered in June 1818. British abolished the position of Peshwa and Marathas were limited to the small kingdom of Satara, thus ended the mighty Maratha power.
North West region of Punjab the Sikh power was growing and Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) of Punjab became very powerful. After Ranjit Singh died there was infighting amongst Sikhs. British tried to take advantage of this and in the Battle of Mudki and Ferozshah (1845) Sikhs were defeated due to the treachery of their generals. The final battle of Sobraon on February 10, 1846 proved decisive where Sikhs again lost due to the betrayal of their generals. The British were able to capture most of India after defeating Sikhs in 1849.
In 1841 rebellion broke out in Afghanistan in which British soldiers were killed. This enraged the British who then turn in to Sindh. Although British had a peace treaty with the Amirs of Sind but Charles Napier provoked the Amirs so much so that the Amirs attacked British residency in 1843. The Amirs were defeated by the British might and they annexed Sindh. The British also reintroduced the governor generals into the provinces who administered the local people. In 1852 the British annexed several Indian states under the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. In 1856 the large and rich state of Oudh was also taken over by the British under the excuse of misrule.
Indian resistance to defend their lands was not successful due to their disunity and lack of modern military equipment , however the British took heavy damage in Mysore wars. The East India Company annexed territories successfully through military superiority as well as through opportunism. India was fractured, given over to petty rivalries and had a vast legacy of native Indians usable by the British in consolidating its gains.

 

[Lilly2318]

(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.?
Undoubtedly the geo-political map of India changed vastly, from a British perspective, between 1757 and 1857. The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military superiority and diplomatic skills.
The British fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plessy in 1757, Tipu Sultan in the battle of Mysore in 1799, and then Marathas and the Sikhs and annexed Bengal, Mysor, Punjab, North West Frontier and Sindh and annexed Audh through Doctrine of laps in 1852.
On June 23rd, 1757 at Plessey, between Calcutta and Murshidabad, the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive met the army of Siraj-ud-Doula, the Nawab of Bengal. The aspirant to the Nawab's throne, Mir Jafar, betrayed the Nawab and by far the greater number of the Nawab's soldiers were bribed to throw away their weapons, surrender prematurely, and even turn their arms against their own army. Siraj-ud-Doula was defeated. Battle of Plessey marked the first major military success for British East India Company.
In the Battle of Buxar 22 October, 1764 British army defeated the confederate army of Mir Qaism, Nawab Shujauddaulah and Shah Alam II. The English had victories at Katwah, Giria, Sooty, Udaynala and Monghyr. After winning the Battle of Buxar, the British had earned the right to collect land revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This development set the foundations of British political rule in India and the British were successful.
In 1767, Nizam Ali of Hydrabad, the Marathas and the English made an alliance against Hyder Ali of Mysor. But Hyder was brave he defeated the English at their own game by making peace with the Marathas and alluring the Nizam with territorial gains and together with the latter launched an attack on Arcot. The fight continued for a year and half and the
British suffered heavy losses. The panic-stricken British had to sue for peace. A treaty was signed on April 4, 1769, on the basis of restitution of each other's territories and Hyder Ali was Successful. In October 1780 Hyder Ali captured Arcot, defeating an English army. Hyder Ali continued the war with the British. In 1782, Hyder Ali inflicted a humiliating defeat on the British troops once again Hyder Ali was successful.
After Hyder Ali’s death his son Tipu Sultan bravely fought against British. Tired of the war, the two sides concluded the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.On December 29, 1789 Tipu’s attack on Travancore the Raja of Travancore was entitled to the protection of the English. Thus taking advantage of the situation, the English, making a triple alliance with the Nizams and the Marathas, attacked Tipu Sultan and in 1799 British attacked Mysore and annexed Mysore with Tipu’s death on May 4, 1799 who was killed fighting to save his capital.
Maratha power destroyed by British in several wars during 1817- 1818, Holkar's forces were routed at Mahidpur December 21, 1817 and Baji Rao II, who was trying to consolidate Marathas, finally surrendered in June 1818. British abolished the position of Peshwa and Marathas were limited to the small kingdom of Satara, thus ended the mighty Maratha power.
North West region of Punjab the Sikh power was growing and Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) of Punjab became very powerful. After Ranjit Singh died there was infighting amongst Sikhs. British tried to take advantage of this and in the Battle of Mudki and Ferozshah (1845) Sikhs were defeated due to the treachery of their generals. The final battle of Sobraon on February 10, 1846 proved decisive where Sikhs again lost due to the betrayal of their generals. The British were able to capture most of India after defeating Sikhs in 1849.
In 1841 rebellion broke out in Afghanistan in which British soldiers were killed. This enraged the British who then turn in to Sindh. Although British had a peace treaty with the Amirs of Sind but Charles Napier provoked the Amirs so much so that the Amirs attacked British residency in 1843. The Amirs were defeated by the British might and they annexed Sindh. The British also reintroduced the governor generals into the provinces who administered the local people. In 1852 the British annexed several Indian states under the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. In 1856 the large and rich state of Oudh was also taken over by the British under the excuse of misrule.
Indian resistance to defend their lands was not successful due to their disunity and lack of modern military equipment , however the British took heavy damage in Mysore wars. The East India Company annexed territories successfully through military superiority as well as through opportunism. India was fractured, given over to petty rivalries and had a vast legacy of native Indians usable by the British in consolidating its gains.

thnx...!!!!!!!!! a tons

 

[Irfan Atique]

Sir how many muslims took part in the migration to Abyssinia in each batch.It is written differently in 2 books..

first batch 15 and second batch above 100