Pakistan Studies, Islamiyat and Urdu: Post your doubts here!

[Peek_Chu]

Here are the answers.
Q1)
Jinnah faced many serious challenges to run the newly created state of Pakistan.
After the 3rd June 1947 Plan, the ML had a little over two months to make preparations for
handling the largest Muslim state in the world. In order to frame a constitution, he established
the Constituent Assembly on 10 August 1947, under his Chaimanship. He addressed the
Assembly on 11 August, and urged the need of making a constitution for Pakistan. The 1935
Act was adopted as the interim constitution with some amendments. He declared Karachi as
the Capital of Pakistan. There he set up the first Civil Secretariat, and urged the civil servants
to dedicate their lives to the service of the nation. He inaugurated the headquarters of three
armed forces, and negotiated with India for the release of military and financial assets for the
defence of Pakistan. An ordinance factory, the POF, was set up in Wah. In order to highlight
Pakistan’s peaceful aims, Pakistan joined the UNO in September 1947. Jinnah wanted
peaceful relations with India just like the US-Canada relations.
However, it is to be noted that Jinnah retained the executive powers which, according
to the parliamentary form of government, should have been relegated to the PM. He used to
chair the cabinet meetings, and take important decisions himself. This was used as a wrong
precedent by the future Governor Generals. The process of constitution making was lingered
on even after his death as he had to induct some non-political figures in the cabinet due to a
shortage of genuine politicians. His dream of good relations with India was also shattered
and both countries had their first war in 1948. However, due to his failing health, other
problems of partition created by India, and a lack of sincere and experienced constitutional
experts, there was no progress on constitution making.
Jinnah inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan in July 1948 so that Pakistan
introduced its own currency. The Government of Pakistan presented its first budget in 1948-
49. It was a balanced budget which indicated Pakistan’s stable economic conditions. He also
announced the First Industrial Policy of Pakistan. However, despite his best efforts, there was
no major industrial development till the 1960’s. India gave 700 million rupees to Pakistan but
the remaining 50 million were never paid.
The Quaid was opposed to religious intolerance, provincialism and racialism. He
advised the people to think, feel and act as Pakistanis and be proud of it. He toured all the
areas of Pakistan to spread the message of Pakistani nationalism. In order to safeguard the
rights of the minorities, and project Pakistan as a tolerant state he adopted the symbolic title
of the ‘Protector-General’ of religious minorities. His advice was often sought by the non-Muslims,
and he inducted a Hindu minister in the cabinet. He emphasized the Islamic ideas
about justice and equality demanded that any non-Muslims who chose to remain in Pakistan
should be treated fairly. Jinnah could do little about the geographical distance of 1,000 miles
between East and West Pakistan. This geographical distance would gradually become a
political gulf that would lead to the separation of East Pakistan in 1971.
To help the newly arrived refugees he set up a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them as
quickly as possible, and temporarily shifted his headquarter to Lahore to personally supervise
the process of their accommodation. Unfortunately, millions of refugees would continue to
suffer after his death because of shortage of the required resources. All of them could not get
medical care, jobs and accommodation. He also negotiated with the Indian government for
the Canal Water dispute, and persuaded it not to stop the water altogether. The conflict was,
however, fully resolved years after his death in 1960.
Jinnah wanted to resolve the issue of the three princely states of Hyderabad,
Junagadh and Jammu and Kashmir but could not get any success as India occupied the first
two states by force and imposed a war on Pakistan for Kashmir in April 1948. Thus Jinnah’s
dream of peaceful relations with India was shattered.
To conclude it may be said that Jinnah was quite successful in overcoming most of
the early problems because of his firm determination, political insight and strong leadership
qualities. He made all achievements while suffering from the terminal stage of pulmonary
tuberculosis that could not deter him from his mission.


Q2)
Pakistan had to make an efficient government in 1947. There was a shortage of the
state buildings, office equipment and devoted and experienced politicians. Also, there
were not many experienced officers and civil servants to run the state affairs. Except
for Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan and few others, most of the politicians were either
inexperienced or insincere. India, on the other hand, had a huge team of skilled
politicians with Lord Mountbatten as its 1st Governor General. Therefore, Pakistan
found it difficult to build a strong political base. The process of making a constitution
was also delayed as there were not many experts in the Constituent Assembly. Due
to a shortage of state buildings, military barracks were temporarily used as offices.
Above all, Jinnah’s deteriorating health and his death only one year after the creation
of Pakistan worsened the political problems.
Division of military and financial assets was also a major dispute. Pakistan needed
funds and military equipment to run the state affairs and ensure its defence. India
unwillingly gave damaged and worn out weapons to Pakistan under the agreed ratio
of 36% of military assets for Pakistan. So, Pakistan was forced to build an arms
manufacturing factory, the POF (Pakistan Ordinance Factory) at Wah. Only the
division of the troops went smoothly as majority of Muslim troops opted for Pakistan
and majority of non-Muslims for India. Similarly, out of a total of 750 million rupees,
the Indian government first gave only 200 million rupees to Pakistan. Then the war on
Kashmir broke out and India withheld the remaining payment saying Pakistan would
buy weapons with that money. On Gandhi’s insistence, another 500 million rupees
were given to Pakistan. The remaining 50 million rupees were never paid.

Another big problem was the accommodation of refugees coming from India. After
partition of India, Muslims living in the Indian Punjab and the neighbouring districts
were forced to migrate to Pakistan. The migrating families were attacked in an
organized way by the militant Hindus and Sikhs. Pakistan began to receive trains
loaded with the dead and the injured. The government of Pakistan had little to provide
shelter, medical care and food to millions of refugees on urgent grounds. They were
accommodated in refugee camps and military barracks without appropriate facilities
of living.
Then there was the issue of the division of the canal water. In April 1948, India
closed the two headworks Madhupur and Firozpur that controlled the waters of Ravi
and Sutlej rivers of Pakistan. This created a serious shortage of water threatening the
crop production in the affected areas of Punjab. This issue was finally solved under
the mediation of the World Bank through Indus Water Treaty in 1960.
Division of the princely states was also a problem. India had a total of 462 princely
states and these states were given choice of accession either to India or to Pakistan
after the partition. 459 states joined either state on the basis of their location and
population composition quite smoothly. Problem arose in the states of Hyderabad,
Junagadh and Kashmir. Hyderabad and Junagadh had Muslim rulers ruling the non-
Muslim majority states. India occupied the two states using its military. State of
Jammu and Kashmir had a Muslim majority but was ruled by the Maharaja of the
Dogra Dynasty. Much to the disappointment of the Kashmiri Muslims, the Maharaja
continued to delay the announcement of accession to Pakistan. This led to protest
and violence in Kashmir. The Maharaja invited the Indian army to help him, and this
resulted in the 1st Pak-India war in the start of 1948. A ceasefire was reached with the
help of the UN and a temporary boundary line, the LoC (Line of Control) was drawn
between the IHK (Indian Held Kashmir) and Azad Kashmir. It still remains an
unresolved issue between the two states.
East and West Pakistan were separated by a 1600 km long Indian territory. This
created difficulties of communication between the two wings of Pakistan. People living
in the two wings were often ignorant of the problems of each other. This geographical
gap was exploited by India to create difficulties for Pakistan. During the Pak-India war,
the Indian government would deny its territory to the Pakistani aeroplanes flying
between East and West Pakistan. Moreover, the cultural differences between the two
wings and within West Pakistan also created political and social problems. Various
cultural communities of Pakistan had little in common except for Islam.
It seems that formation of a government was the most important problem because if
Pakistan had established a concrete political foundation after independence, it would
have been able to overcome other problems with less difficulty while starting some
social development projects with a team of expert politicians.

 

[acehulk]

Here are History (4 marks questions) with complete answers

omg thank you sir

 

[MIMI16]

please provide answers if anyone can but not from marking scheme

1A) From Qur’an passages you have studied, write about what lessons can be learnt from God’s conversations with Adam and Jesus. [10]
(b) As God’s “representative (khalifa) on Earth”, say how men and women can serve God, giving examples

2(A) Choose two from the following passages and write in detail about the various ways in which the passages describe God and how He is unique: 6.101–103, 42.4–5, 112, 41.37. [10]
(b) In your opinion, why should Muslims try to understand God’s attributes? Give reason(s) for your answer.

3(a)From the Qur’an passages set for special study in the syllabus, describe the ways in which God gave knowledge of Himself to His Messengers. [10]
(b) ‘Undergoing hardships brings a person closer to God.’ Agree or disagree with this statement, giving reasons for your answer.

4(a)The Qur’an teaches Muslims about their relationship with God. Write about this relationship using the passages you have studied. [10]
(b) ‘God gave humankind guidance and teachings.’ Why does the Qur’an lay emphasis on the need to gain knowledge?

 

[Flavius Belisarius]

where will the compulsory questions of History from?

 

[sondos1214]

‘The low rate of literacy has been the most important problem in education to face successive governments between 1947 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (14) (m/j 2008)

Someone pls help me with this answer. The marking scheme for it is very confusing so pls dont just copy paste it, elaborate it too. thank you!

 

[Addie Zak]

So in this question, you have to discuss low litrecy problems AND OTHER PROBLEMS THAT EVERY GOVERNMENT FACED FROM 1947-1988. And in the end, you need to give judgement that which was the most important issue. You can refer to problems that marking scheme suggest and explain them for example refugee issue. Thank you.

 

[Addie Zak]

where will the compulsory questions of History from?

It is expected that it will come from Section 1. ONLY EXPECTED NOT CONFIRMED.

 

[Peek_Chu]

Here is the answer of the questions:
Ayub reforms,In order to improve a poor literacy rate, provide better healthcare and control a high
population growth rate, Ayub set up new schools, technical training institutes and medical
institutes and hospitals. Under the new Family Laws, polygamy was discouraged. These had
some degree of success. New medical colleges and hospitals were set up to provide health
care at a larger scale. Steps were taken against hoarding goods and selling them at inflated
prices. The prices of milk and other food items were fixed to stop profiteering that helped
families to live comfortably.
His social reforms were also very popular. He tried to raise the literacy rate by encouraging primary
education, and set up polytechnic institutes to prepare a trained industrial workforce. Though most of t
he benefits of these reforms went to West Pakistan, Ayub was able to deflect criticism be celebrating
the Decade of Development in 1968.
The nationalized schools could not perform better. Due to nationalization of schools,
there was a drop in the standard of education as they were over-burdened and could
not cater to the increased number of students without an increase in the trained staff.
In many places there was a lack of teaching, teacher training and administrative staff.
Primary education was made free and compulsory.
The government had allocated only 13% of the education budget to primary schools.
With such a small amount of funds the desired results could not be achieved.
Improving literacy rate and educational standard is a time taking process. It is not
possible to change the curriculum, trained teachers and develop the educational
infrastructure in a short time. As a result, there was only 1% increase in literacy even
after 5 years.
Most of the rural families were not interested in the formal education or literacy. They
usually preferred to make their children work on the farm and thus share the economic
burden of the family. They could not afford the loss of earnings even if they were
offered free education. Perhaps providing them agricultural education along with
formal education might have been a better option.
In conclusion, it may be say that the low rate of literacy has been the most important problem in
education to face successive governments between 1947 and 1988. Because the people at
that time were not interested in education. They did not want their children to get education because
they think that they will lost their earning in order to help in domestic needs.

 

[sondos1214]

Here is the answer of the questions:
Ayub reforms,In order to improve a poor literacy rate, provide better healthcare and control a high
population growth rate, Ayub set up new schools, technical training institutes and medical
institutes and hospitals. Under the new Family Laws, polygamy was discouraged. These had
some degree of success. New medical colleges and hospitals were set up to provide health
care at a larger scale. Steps were taken against hoarding goods and selling them at inflated
prices. The prices of milk and other food items were fixed to stop profiteering that helped
families to live comfortably.
His social reforms were also very popular. He tried to raise the literacy rate by encouraging primary
education, and set up polytechnic institutes to prepare a trained industrial workforce. Though most of t
he benefits of these reforms went to West Pakistan, Ayub was able to deflect criticism be celebrating
the Decade of Development in 1968.
The nationalized schools could not perform better. Due to nationalization of schools,
there was a drop in the standard of education as they were over-burdened and could
not cater to the increased number of students without an increase in the trained staff.
In many places there was a lack of teaching, teacher training and administrative staff.
Primary education was made free and compulsory.
The government had allocated only 13% of the education budget to primary schools.
With such a small amount of funds the desired results could not be achieved.
Improving literacy rate and educational standard is a time taking process. It is not
possible to change the curriculum, trained teachers and develop the educational
infrastructure in a short time. As a result, there was only 1% increase in literacy even
after 5 years.
Most of the rural families were not interested in the formal education or literacy. They
usually preferred to make their children work on the farm and thus share the economic
burden of the family. They could not afford the loss of earnings even if they were
offered free education. Perhaps providing them agricultural education along with
formal education might have been a better option.
In conclusion, it may be say that the low rate of literacy has been the most important problem in
education to face successive governments between 1947 and 1988. Because the people at
that time were not interested in education. They did not want their children to get education because
they think that they will lost their earning in order to help in domestic needs.

thank you so much

 

[superpak3]

Hello can anyone help me with the following question

What problems did Pakistan face due to being nuclear power in 1980 and 1990s

 

[MIMI16]

Hello can anyone help me with the following question

What problems did Pakistan face due to being nuclear power in 1980 and 1990s

India conducted nuclear blasts in May 1998. Pakistan, feeling insecure, also conducted nuclear explosions in the last week of May 1998. Though it increased Nawaz Sharif’s popularity at home, Pakistan’s aid from the US and Japan was immediately stopped, and several other countries criticised this action. In order to prevent an economic disaster, Sharif’s government had to raise fuel prices and negotiate bank loans. A state of emergency was
declared, and this became a reason of Nawaz Sharif’s fall from power

hope this can help u

 

[superpak3]

India conducted nuclear blasts in May 1998. Pakistan, feeling insecure, also conducted nuclear explosions in the last week of May 1998. Though it increased Nawaz Sharif’s popularity at home, Pakistan’s aid from the US and Japan was immediately stopped, and several other countries criticised this action. In order to prevent an economic disaster, Sharif’s government had to raise fuel prices and negotiate bank loans. A state of emergency was
declared, and this became a reason of Nawaz Sharif’s fall from power

hope this can help u

Shouldn't there be a mention of pressler amendment as the mark scheme did mention it

 

[Addie Zak]

Pakistan had started its nuclear programme in the 1970s but the world powers began
to object to it. Pakistan was pressurized to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
in 1980 but Pakistan subjected its acceptance to India doing the same. Benazir Bhutto
defended Pakistan’s nuclear programme in her speech in the US Congress as she could not
rick disturbed relations with the US. The US had started extending generous military aid to
Pakistan after the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan in December 1979. However, after 1985
this aid was stopped under the Presslar Amendment. Under this the US aid could be given
to a country that the American President declared as a non-nuclear state. By pointing to
Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions, the promised economic aid of $ 4 million was stopped.
The stoppage of the aid adversely affected Pakistan as it had been supporting the US
in its war against the Soviets through the Afghan Mujahideen. Pakistan had paid money to
buy 28 F-16 war planes from the US who suddenly refused to deliver the planes as well as
return the paid money. Pakistan was the third largest recipient of the US aid, and the
promised package was to run until 1993. This led to a significant deterioration of relations
between the two countries, and many economic development projects of Pakistan were
suspended.
In the early 1990s, Pakistan’s importance for the US decreased after the Soviet
withdrawal from Afghanistan and the end of the Cold War. In 1992, the US was about the
declare Pakistan as state sponsor of terrorism and place economic sanctions on it. Pakistan
protested on this by pointing towards India who too had been more ambitious of acquiring
nuclear weapons. It also reminded the US of its support in the 1990 Gulf War but the US
continued to condemn Pakistan’s nuclear ambition. Finally, when Pakistan conducted nuclear
blasts in May 1998, after India had taken the initiative the same month. Pakistan, however,
faced more serious consequences. Many countries stopped economic and military aid to it
including Japan, the US and the UK. This led to Pakistan facing economic difficulties, and the
Sharif government had to declare a financial emergency, take fresh loans and freeze the
foreign currency accounts of several Pakistanis in the local banks

Hello can anyone help me with the following question

What problems did Pakistan face due to being nuclear power in 1980 and 1990s

 

[MIMI16]

Shouldn't there be a mention of pressler amendment as the mark scheme did mention it

Oh ok then u can mention it

 

[aaeshha]

from which section are the compulsory questions expected to come in history

One of the three sections

 

[Peek_Chu]

Hello can anyone help me with the following question

What problems did Pakistan face due to being nuclear power in 1980 and 1990s

Here is the best answer to the point.

ANS:

Pakistan had started its nuclear programme in the 1970s but the world powers began
to object to it. Pakistan was pressurized to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
in 1980 but Pakistan subjected its acceptance to India doing the same. Benazir Bhutto
defended Pakistan’s nuclear programme in her speech in the US Congress as she could not
rick disturbed relations with the US. The US had started extending generous military aid to
Pakistan after the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan in December 1979. However, after 1985
this aid was stopped under the Presslar Amendment. Under this the US aid could be given
to a country that the American President declared as a non-nuclear state. By pointing to
Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions, the promised economic aid of $ 4 million was stopped.
The stoppage of the aid adversely affected Pakistan as it had been supporting the US
in its war against the Soviets through the Afghan Mujahideen. Pakistan had paid money to
buy 28 F-16 war planes from the US who suddenly refused to deliver the planes as well as
return the paid money. Pakistan was the third largest recipient of the US aid, and the
promised package was to run until 1993. This led to a significant deterioration of relations
between the two countries, and many economic development projects of Pakistan were
suspended.
In the early 1990s, Pakistan’s importance for the US decreased after the Soviet
withdrawal from Afghanistan and the end of the Cold War. In 1992, the US was about the
declare Pakistan as state sponsor of terrorism and place economic sanctions on it. Pakistan
protested on this by pointing towards India who too had been more ambitious of acquiring
nuclear weapons. It also reminded the US of its support in the 1990 Gulf War but the US
continued to condemn Pakistan’s nuclear ambition. Finally, when Pakistan conducted nuclear
blasts in May 1998, after India had taken the initiative the same month. Pakistan, however,
faced more serious consequences. Many countries stopped economic and military aid to it
including Japan, the US and the UK. This led to Pakistan facing economic difficulties, and the
Sharif government had to declare a financial emergency, take fresh loans and freeze the
foreign currency accounts of several Pakistanis in the local banks.

 

[Flavius Belisarius]

Anyone help me with these Questions:- (Urgently)
Q1: Why did the British call the Simla Conference? (7marks)
Q2:How successful was the Khilafat movement in advancing the cause for the Pakistan Movement? (14 marks)

 

[Flavius Belisarius]

It is expected that it will come from Section 1. ONLY EXPECTED NOT CONFIRMED.

is their any chance that in Paper one Islamiat the Question will be related to Revelations.

 

[ismail ashar]

urdu 0539 listening exam: can someone share audio file for s22 paper? or guide where to find it

 

[ismail ashar]

one more question, i am yet to start preparation for pak studies... have 2 days left for history paper and two more after that for geo. what should i do now 😬
and if someone could share expected questions?